OcTOBER 30, 1902] 
statistics concerning the training of chemists employed in 
English chemical industries, of which Prof. G. G. Henderson 
is secretary, was read; information concerning their course of 
training had been received from 502 managers and chemists 
employed in English chemical industries, 111 of whom are 
fellows or associates of the Institute of Chemistry. The 
following figures give more detailed information :— 
Number of graduates of a British University ...... 59 
Number of graduates of both a British and a 
foreloni Wniversity, jy. ..<-.-<c-ses--pteocgeccteaeeaseeaests 16 
Number of graduates of a foreign University...... gz 
107 
Number of non-graduates trained in a British 
University or University College ..........-..-16++ 1377 
Number of non-graduates trained in a British 
Mechnical College). «...2......cs-ssmees|onveepevenscs 165 
Number of non-graduates trained in a foreign 
University or Technical College ......-........+- 8 
Number of non-graduates trained in Evening 
Classes, analysts’ laboratories, works’ labora- 
tories, or otherwise ..........--2sss-2s0++ fees eas 85 
395 
The committee on isomorphous sulphonic derivatives of 
benzene, of which Prof. H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S., is secretary, 
reported that Dr. Jee has completed the crystallographic study 
of the 1:3-dichloro-, chlorobromo- and dibromo-benzene 
5-sulphonic chlorides and bromides, and finds that this group 
of compounds constitutes an isotetramorphous group. In dis- 
cussing the colour of iodine-containing compounds, Miss Ida 
Smedley called attention to the fact that two classes of such 
compounds are known, namely, colourless and coloured. Ina 
paper on colloids of zirconium compared with those of other 
metals of the fourth group, Dr. J. H. Gladstone, F.R.S., and 
Mr. W. Hibbert stated that zirconium gives a colloid of well- 
marked properties resembling those of silicon, tin, titanium and 
thorium; Dr. J. H. Gladstone also gave a paper on fluorescent 
and phosphorescent diamonds. The following papers were also 
read:—Note on a fourth methylmorphimethine, by Mr. J. 
Hawthorne ; on the absorption of ammonia from water by algze, 
by Prof. E. A. Letts and Mr. J. S. Totton; on determin- 
ations of atmospheric carbonic anhydride made on board the 
Discovery on the voyage to the Cape and thence to New 
Zealand, by Prof. E. A. Letts; a new method of causing 
isomerisation, by Prof. R. Meldola; acid-esters of methyl- 
succinic acids, by Prof. J. J. Sudboroughand Mr. W. A. Bone ; 
compounds of trinitrobenzenes and alkylated naphthylamines, 
by Mr. H. Hibbert and Prof. J. J. Sudborough; action of 
alkalis on cinnamic acid dibromide and its esters, by Prof. J. J. 
Sudborough and Mr. K. J. Thomson. An interesting feature 
of the proceedings of Section B was the reading and discussion 
of two important monographs, one on our present knowledge 
of diazo-compounds, by Dr. G. T. Morgan, and the other on 
hydro-aromatic compounds with single nucleus, by Dr. A. W. 
Crossley. 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE BRITISH 
ASSOCIATION. 
“THE papers read before the Section covered, as will be seen, 
a considerable portion of the field that is usually embraced 
by anthropology. 
Archaeology.—Mr. W. J. Knowles exhibited some Irish 
flints mostly with a dark brown patina and ‘the fashion of 
chipping the flint perpendicularly through the thickness,” 
some .of which came from ‘“‘interglacial gravels.” Two 
questions were asked: (1) What useful object icould the 
-perpendicular chipping serve to man? (2) If not artificial, what 
force in nature can dress so many objects alike with chipping 
that has all the appearance of being artificial in character ? 
Miss Nina F. Layard described and exhibited a number of 
variously shaped Paleolithic implements from a small pit in the 
plateau gravels of Ipswich, and Messrs. W. and W. A. Cunnington 
1 Thirteen of whom studied also. in a British University or Technical 
College. 
2 Twenty of whom studied also in a foreign University or Technical 
College. 
NO. 1722. VOL. 66] 
NATURE 
663 
gave an account of the recent discovery of Palzolithic implements 
from Knowle, Wiltshire; these implements and the ordinary 
flints of the gravel pit are remarkable for the very high polish 
that many exhibit, and some are marked with peculiar striz. 
There are two views to account for the polishing, (1) a redeposit 
of silica, which was favoured by the authors, and (2) sand 
action, which was emphatically advocated by Prof. Boyd 
Dawkins ; as a matter of fact, the sand of this quarry is exception- 
ally fine and entirely siliceous. Mr. S. B. Dixon also exhibited 
some of these polished implements. No satisfactory explana- 
tion was given of the striz. Mr. W. J. Knowles described some 
important stone-axe factories that he had discovered near 
Cushendall, co. Antrim; axes in all stages of manufacture 
and innumerable chips were found where boulders of a certain 
rock occurred in the drift. The conditions were somewhat 
similar to those Mr. W. H. Holmes has described in the United 
States. Mr. Knowles also exhibited leaf-shaped stone blades 
from co. Antrim, which were probably a stage in the manu- 
facture of spear- and arrow-heads, like the stone blades from 
America. 
A remarkable series of underground, tunnel-like dwellings 
(souterrains) in Ulster was shown in lantern slides by Mr. 
W. J. Fennell, and similar remains from various parts of the 
British Isles were copiously illustrated by Mr. D. MacRitchie. 
Mr. G. Clinch also described the subterranean dwellings recently 
discovered at Waddon, near Croydon. 
The report on the excavations at Arbor Low Stone Circle in 
Derbyshire was read by Mr. H. Balfour. The evidence as to 
its age was not decisive, but it pointed to the monument having 
been erected at the close of the Neolithic period, or at the 
beginning of the Bronze age. A Belfast antiquary endeavoured 
to prove that the Irish elk survived into the Bronze age, but the 
bones exhibited belonged to oxen, not to deer. 
A note from Mr. R. A. S. Macalister on a prehistoric 
cemetery-cave in Palestine recorded the first discovery yet made 
of the pre-Israelite inhabitants of Palestine who burnt their dead ; 
above these were found unburnt remains of the earliest Semitic 
stock. The recent Cretan excavations at Knossos by Mr. A. 
Evans and those at Paleokastro by Mr. R. C. Bosanquet were 
illustrated by lantern slides; at the latter site there is an 
exceptional opportunity for a craniological study of Mycenzan 
and recent Cretans. ° 
The Hon. John Abercromby read a very important paper on 
the oldest Bronze age earthenware vessel, which is usually 
called a ‘‘ drinking cup” and for which he proposed the term 
of ‘‘beaker.” By the aid of numerous photographs, he demon- 
strated that it came into Britain from the Rhine and in all 
probability had its origin in Central Europe. Bronze objects of 
the Hallstatt culture phase have been recognised in Ireland, 
but it was not until Mr. G. Coffey drew the attention of the 
Section to the fact that the abundance of them was realised. 
This he did in a very convincing manner, drawing his examples 
mainly from the wonderful collection of the Royal Irish 
Academy in Dublin. Iron was probably known before the 
close of the Hallstatt period in Ireland. Mr. Coffey also 
exhibited lantern slides of some remarkably fine carved Irish 
monuments belonging to the La Tene, or so-called Late 
Celtic, period. These stone monuments, which are ornamented 
with the ‘“‘trumpet” design, are unique. Reports were read 
on excavations in the Roman fort at Gellygaer, near Cardiff, 
and in the Roman city of Silchester. The survival of certain 
Pagan sepulchral symbols on early Christian monuments in 
Ireland was abundantly illustrated by lantern slides by Mr. 
P. J. O'Reilly. The significance of these symbols is, however, 
unknown. A note was presented by Mr. F. P. Mennell on the 
Khami ruins twelve miles from Bulawayo, Rhodesia. It is 
satisfactory to find that these monuments are being investigated 
and the specimens preserved in the Rhodesia Museum. 
Anthropography, or Physical Anthropology.—A new depar- 
ture was made at this meeting in the formation of a subsection 
to discuss matters relating to this branch, and a demonstration 
was made by Prof, Symington in the anatomical museum of 
the College. Mr. J. F. Tocher read his report on the pig- 
mentation survey of Scottish school children, Preparations are 
now being made for an exhaustive inquiry into the distribution 
of the hair and eye colour of Scottish children analogous to 
that made by Virchow for German children. Mr. Tocher also 
presented a note on some measurements of Eskimo. Mr. J. 
Gray gave measurements of the Indian Coronation contingent, 
and drew therefrom some interesting conclusions. Dr. C. S. 
