464 



NATURE 



[Sept. 7, 1882 



jection of the nasal bones in skulls from the round-barrows, as 

 measured from the basion to fixed points on the dorsum and the 

 nasion, or root of the nasal bones, is about twice that observed 

 in purely Teutonic crania. In the fine collection of true Saxon 

 skulls from Wiltshire, obtained by General Pitt-Rivers, the 

 principal characteristics are a rounded forehead and smooth 

 brow, and but little projection in the nasals ; and this in the 

 male as well as the female skulls. 



The points of contrast in the skeleton features of the two races 

 were noticed by Dr. B. Davis ; but owing to Saxons and Angles 

 being at the time he wrote considered equally Teutonic, the 

 differences observed in some of the examples selected by him to 

 illustrate types, are not so s'rongly marked as in others. Dr. 

 lieddoe and Mr. David Mackintosh, it should be mentioned, 

 both consider the Anglian features to have been more prominent 

 than the Saxon — When proceeding to define tribal differences 

 and crosses, the nasal forms will, with other features, be sub- 

 jected by the Committee to more minute examination. 1 



The above facts having been sufficiently ascertained, it was 

 easy to compare the skeleton features of the two main types — 

 viz., the Round-barrow man and the Saxon— with profiles of 

 living subjects in this and neighbouring countries presumably 

 inhabited by similar populations. Whenever the osseous and 

 other features were found to correspond, at the same time that 

 they differed entirely from other equally well-marked types it 

 was assumed that the characteristics belonged to distinct races. 



In the following definitions the main types are designated by 

 capital letters, intended to be used as symbols when dicussing 

 racial crosses : — 



The First or Dolichocephalic Dark Type, A. — The definition of 

 the short, narrow-headed rnce shown by Dr. Thurnain and Prof. 

 B. Daw-kins to have preceded the so-called Celts, and termed by 

 them Iberian ( = the Silurian of Prof. Rolleston), is at present 

 incomplete. The forehead, however, appears to have been fairly 

 vertical, the brows prominent, the nasal bones long and straight, 

 the lower jaw weak (Rolleston), and the hair and eyes dark. 

 Statistics of the colour of the hair and eyes, collected by Dr. 

 lieddoe, show that the race exerted a much wider influence on 

 the population than is usually supposed. A number of photo- 

 graphs, which, it is believed, represent varieties of the type, have 

 been placed on cards. 



The Second or Brachicephalic Fair Type, B. — The principal 

 characteristics of this race consist in the prominence of brow 

 and supra-nasal ridges; a slightly receding forehead ; simply 

 projecting nasal bones, causing a high-br'dged or arched nose, 

 without undulation ; a long, oval face: high cheek-bones; and 

 a prominent fine chin. From Mr. Park Harrison's observations 

 the lips of this type appear to be thin, and the ear pear-shaped, 

 with no proper lobe, the fossa being continuous. 



The above features are found associated with light hair and 

 eyes, and a stature above the average. 



This type includes Belgic, Cymric, and Danish varieties, 

 which, further observation, the Committee believe, will by ami- 

 bye enable them to differentiate; cs also the Anglian, Juti h, 

 and Frisian types. They have selected several portraits, which 

 present common characteristics. 



The definition of Type B agrees in all the main points with 

 descriptions given s^me years ago by Dr. Beddoe, Mr. David 

 Mackintosh, and Mr. Hector Maclean, as well as with 1 tr. 

 Rolleston* s deductions in the appendix to " British Barrows." 



The Third or Sub- Dolichocephalic Fair Type, C— The Com- 

 mittee believe that the following is a correct definition of true 

 Saxon features. Brows smooth ; forehead rounded and vertical ; 

 nasal bones short and straight ; nose not arched, ending in 111 >re 

 or less of a bulb ; face elliptical, rounded ; cheek-bones broad ; 

 chin rounded ; lower part of face wide ; eyes prominent, in 

 colour blue or bluish grey ; lips moulded ; ears flat, with formed 

 lobes ; face and frame well covered. Height about (he average. 



The definition accords with Schadow's pure German (Teu- 

 tonic) type, and with the Saxon type of Beddoe and Mackintosh. 



Photographs conforming in all respects to the above charac- 

 teristics have been obtained from Sussex and several other 

 English counties ; and from Scotland, Sweden, 2 Germany, and 

 France. Specimens have been arranged upon cards. 



' Prof Fl iwer, speaking of the racial value of the nasal bone, when 

 describing the cranial characters of the natives of the Fiji Islands, say,: 

 "The nose is one of the most important of the features as a characteristic 

 of race, and its form is very accurately indicated l.y its bony framework " 

 (Jour. Anthrop. hist..\a\ x. p. 160) Dr. Broca defines six forms 



a The Dolichocephalic Swedish race of Ketrius was believed by him to be 

 closely allied to the Saxon. 



No photographs have as yet been taken specially to illustrate 

 the three types, the Committee thinking it best to proceed before 

 doing so with the definitions of racial varieties. 



New Designation of the Committee. — If re-appointed, they 

 suggest that it should be " for the purpose of defining the facial 

 characteristics of the races and principal crosses in the British 

 Isles, and obtaining illustrative photographs with a view to their 

 publication." 



Constitution &f the Committee. — Prof. Flower having been 

 unable to take an active part in the proceedings of the Com- 

 mittee owing to pressure of other work, and having expressed a 

 wish that another chairman should be appointed, they hope that 

 General Pitt-Rivers will undertake the duties. 



Photographs. — Mr. Barraud, who was asked to act as an 

 Associate, has presented some cabinet photographs of well- 

 known persons for exhibition. The Committee have also 

 received from Dr. Beddoe a portrait in full face and profile, 

 taken at his expense, of a native of Montgomeryshire. It is a 

 good example of the Silurian type. Other photographs have 

 been received in illustration of Types B and C. 



The Committee ask for a renewal of the grant of io/., with 

 an addition sufficient to procure the requisite negatives, and also 

 photographs from different counties to illustrate crossing. 



Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. M. Fester, Dr. Pre- 

 Smith, Prof. Huxley, Dr. Carpenter, Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, 'the 

 late Prof F. M. Balfour, the late Sir C. Wyviile Thomson, . 

 Prof. Kay Lankatcr, Prof. Allman, and Mr. Percy Sladen 

 (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of aiding in the mainten- 

 ance of the Scottish Zoological Station. — The Committee beg to 

 report that, with the aid of the sum of 40/. voted last year, 

 further investigations have been made by Mr. Romanes, F.K.S., 

 and Prof. Cossar Ewart on the "Locomotor System of the 

 Echinodermata." The work of the station was carried on at 

 Oban, t\ here, in addition to the ordinary forms abundant on the 

 east coast, Antedon was plentifully obtained for examination. 

 The investigators directed their attention — I. To completing 

 their observations on [a) the internal nervous system of Echinus ; 

 (It) the external nervous system of Asterias ; and (c) the nature 

 of the nervous system of Antedon. 2. To the effects of rotation 

 on inverted echini. 3. To the effects of poisons on echini and 

 other invertebrates. 4. To the natural movements of Antedon, 

 and to the influence on the.-e movements of partial destruction of 

 the nervous system. The publication of the results obtained at 

 Oban is reserved until the further researches now in progress 

 are completed this year. It may be added that a line specimen 

 of the rare compound Ascidian, Diaeona violacea, was dredged 

 in the Sound of Mull. During the present autumn Mr. Romanes 

 and Professors Ewart and Schafer are at work on the Koss-shire 

 coast. The Committee again beg respectfully to request that a 

 sum of 50/. be voted to assist in meeting the expenses of the 

 station. 



Report on the Pi ogress of the International Geological Map oj 

 Europe, by W. Topley, F.G.S. — A committee was appointed by 

 the Geological Congress of Bologna to prepare a map of Europe. 

 An account of the proceedings of this Congress has already 

 appeared in Nature. The present Report deals chiefly with 

 the progress since made. Arrangements have been made with 

 Reimer and Co. of Berlin, for the engraving and publication of 

 the map. MM. Beyrieh and Hanchervernc are the directors for 

 the map. The topography of the British Isles is already 

 engraved ; a proof was exhibited to the meeting. 



Report on the Earthquake Phenomena of Japan, by Prof. J. 

 Milne, F.G.S. — This'.paper was illustrated by diagrams showing 

 the effect of earthquake waves at lhc Palazzo Palmieri, Polla, in 

 the Neapolitan earthquake, and in the earthquake traversing 

 Tokio Bay on February 22, tSSo, in which the centres of origin 

 of the waves are indicated, in another the manner of interference 

 of earthquake waves, in the ground underlying Yokohama. 

 Earthquakes of the north-east of Japan do not spread south-west, 

 owing to the tract of high ridges lying in their path, which form 

 a barrier to their movement, while to the south-east, east of the 

 central mountain axis, there is a flat district, which invariably 

 receives the shocks. The author is preparing a seismological 

 atla<, which shows the large number of seismic centres in which 

 the earthquakes originate, and the relative intensity of the waves 

 and the areas affected. Outside the island occur several seismic 

 centres in the open sea. The waves propelled from these centres 

 breaking against the mass of the mountain, are either reflected 

 or absorbed by the mass. In regard to the velocity of earth- 



