Pa | ~ 
7 es ee A 323 ¥ 
January 13, 1923] 
Life.’’ If Dr. Wheeler stressed the value of geography 
in living, Prof. Tower Lo epagai the value of geo- 
phy in earning one’s living, and gave examples. 
: He to an institution in the United States, at 
which the finger of scorn was pointed because it took 
as its motto ‘ Anything to catch the nimble nickel.” 
It was significant that geography had been taught 
there for many years, is still being taught, and there 
is no suggestion that it should go out. Even more 
iking was the case of one of the great trade houses 
of New York—of international reputation—which 
looked for a trade adviser, not to get business himself 
but to help other heads of departments. They were 
advised by their chartered accountants to appoint a 
googra her as the most suitable man, and did so. 
. Tower told also of a convention of eighty 
_administrative heads of great business houses in the 
_ United States. In each of the last three years there 
have been discussions of the relations of geography 
teaching to trade and business, and most of the 
important geographers have contributed to the dis- 
NATURE 65 
cussion. It is significant that this course was 
adopted by men who never were taught geography 
“themselves as it is taught now, and knew only what 
modern teaching has done. 
Mr. E. J. Bradford, of the University of Sheffield, 
read a paper at the annual meeting of the Geography 
Section of the Training College Association. The 
paper dealt with the results of a geography test given 
to various classes in secondary schools, and was note- 
worthy in that it was set neither by an external 
authority to pass or fail candidates nor by a teacher 
to find out what his pupils knew. The test was set 
for purely scientific objects. The methods bear some 
resemblance to those of intelligence tests, but were 
constructed with the view of finding, not the intelli- 
gence of the pupils but the effectiveness of the 
geography teactiing from year to year. The results 
were extremely interesting, but admittedly the ex- 
ayaa is only in its initial stages, and it would not 
e fair to state the conclusions tentatively drawn, as 
they may be modified. 
Paris Academy of Sciences. 
PRIZE AWARDS FOR 1922. 
At the meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences, 
held on December 18, the following prizes 
and grants for 1922 were awarded : 
Mathematics.—The Grand prize of the Mathematical 
Scienees to Jean Le Roux for the whole of his work ; 
the Poncelet prize to Jules Drach for the whole of 
his work in mathematics; the Francceur prize to 
Louis Antoine for his works on geometry. 
Mechanics ——The Montyon prize to Farid Boulad ; 
the Fourneyron prize to J. A. Farcot d’Albaret for 
his work on the gas engine; the Henri de Parville 
prize to Henri Béghin for his memoir on the theoretical 
study of gyrostatic compasses. 
Astronomy.—The Lalande prize to Henry Norris 
Russell for his work in physical astronomy; the 
Valz prize to Jean C for studies in celestial 
mechanics, and particularly for his memoir on the 
_ course of the movement in the problem of three 
bodies when the time increases indefinitely; the 
_ Janssen medal to Carl Stérmer for his theoretical and 
experimental researches on the aurora borealis. 
eography.—The Delalande-Guérineau prize between 
Achille Lamotte and Charles Mailles (in equal parts) ; 
_ the Gay prize to Ludovic Gaurier for his explorations 
in the enees ; the Binoux prize to Paul Le Cointe 
for his study of the river Amazon; no award was 
made of the Tchihatchef prize. 
Navigation.—The prize of six thousand francs 
between Maurice Garnier (3000 francs) for his work 
on the calculation of trajectories by successive arcs, 
_ André Vinsot (1500 frances) for a contribution to the 
_ study of the tactics of loosing torpedoes, and Henri 
Roussilhe (1500 francs) for his hydrographical 
Tesearches ; the Plumey prize to Edouard Sauvage 
_ for his work on steam engines. 
___ Physics —The L. La Caze prize to Anatole Leduc 
_ for the whole of his scientific work; the Kastner- 
_ Boursault prize to Camille Gutton for his work in 
electricity, and more Poor on Hertzian waves; 
the Hébert prize to Charles Chéveneau for his work 
in electricity and magnetism; the Hughes prize to 
Camille Raveau for his work in various branches 
_ of theoretical physics ; the Clément Felix foundation 
to Alexandre Dufour for the continuation of his 
_ researches on the registration of Hertzian waves. 
Chemistry —A Montyon prize (Unhealthy Trades) 
_ (2500 francs) to (the late) Charles Boulin for his 
“4 on mustard ; an honourable mention 
(1500 francs) to Louis pier for his work on the 
NO. 2776, VOL. 111] 

manufacture of poison gas; the Jecker prize between 
Marcel Godchot (5000 francs), Mare Bridel (2500 
francs), and Georges Tanret (2500 francs) for the 
whole of their chemical work; the La Caze prize 
to Paul Thiébaud Muller for his physico-chemical 
researches; the Cahours foundation to Andrée 
Chaudun for her physico-chemical study on sugar 
inversion; the Houzeau prize to René Dubrisay 
for his work on solutions. 
Mineralogy and Geology.—The Victor Raulin prize 
to Louis Longchambon for his researches on the 
relation between rotatory power and crystalline 
symmetry. 
Botany.—The Desmaziéres prize to Edouard 
Chatton for his work on the Protozoa, Louis Emberger 
and Ethel Mellor receiving honourable mentions ; 
the Montagne prize to Etienne Foéx for the whole 
of his work in mycology; the La Fons Mélicocq 
prize to Pierre Allorge for his memoir on the botanical 
geography of the French Vexim ; the de Coincy prize 
to Marcel Denis for his work on the Euphorbiacee. 
Anatomy and Zoology —The Cuvier prize to René 
Koehler for his researches on the echinoderms ; the 
Savigny foundation to Jacques Pellegrin for his 
memoir on the fresh-water fishes of Northern Africa ; 
the Thore prize to Lucien Chopard for his work on 
the Orthoptera. 
Medicine and Surgery.—Montyon prizes to Charles 
Dopter (2500 francs) for his book on meningococcic 
infection, Eugéne Wollman (2500 francs) for his 
studies on life in the absence of micro-organisms, 
Edmond Lesné and Léon Binet (2500 francs) for their 
book on the normal and pathological physiology of 
the infant; honourable mentions (1500 francs) to 
Emile Weil and Jean Loiseleur for their works on 
neumo-serous diagnoses and therapeutics, J. B. 
iot-Bey for his work on the organisation and working 
of the veterinary service of the state domains of 
Egypt, and Philippe Lasseur and Louis Spillman for 
their book on antibody reactions, a quantitative study 
of the fixation of alexine; citations to André Feil for 
his memoir on the absence and diminution of the 
cervical vertebre, to Serge Tchahotine for his re- 
searches on experimental cytology made with the 
microscopic radio-puncture method, to Maurice 
Fontoynont and Humbert Boucher for their contri- 
bution to the study of the mycoses of Madagascar ; 
the Barbier prize to Edmond Delorme for his work on 
pulmonary decortication ; the Bréant prize between 
