318 

we treat the data as orthodox men of science or 
transcendentally, there is a large residuum of un- 
explained phenomena. In view of the controversy 
alluded to above, it is interesting to note that Mitchell’s 
hysterical patient, in whom several “ personalities ” 
developed, was ultimately cured, partially by analysis 
carried out in the hypnotic state, and partially by 
word-association tests in the waking state. Besides 
the study of this case, the well-known classical cases are 
recounted and discussed. 
The latter chapter deals with body and soul. The 
author examines the various psycho-physical theories 
in connexion with abnormal and pathological states ; 
and the existence of a transcendental “ soul,” as the 
substrate of consciousness, is put forward as a legitimate 
hypothesis by which to account for some of the striking 
phenomena of multiple personality. Thus straying 
into the “ vaguer regions of transcendental specula- 
tion,” the author strangely makes no mention of 
hylomorphism, into which theory the facts would 
seem to fit as well as into those of Plato or Descartes. 
(5) A great deal has been written on the emotions, 
both from the point of view of their expression and 
from that of introspective description. But it is only 
recently that much experimental investigation has 
been devoted to them. Mr. Whateley Smith attacks 
the problem in an experimental manner; and _ his 
“Measurement of Emotion” is one of the pioneer 
steps in that direction. The author, using the psycho- 
galvanic reflex, reaction times, and reproduction tests 
as indicative of emotional changes, carried out a 
series of experiments on fifty subjects in order to 
ascertain the effect of emotion upon memory. Measure- 
ments were taken for too reactions to stimulus words 
(modified Jung list), and a number of these words were 
later learned by heart and reproduced at intervals by 
the subjects. Thus a memory-value, to be correlated 
with the affective value of the words in question, was 
obtained. 
It was found that affective tone is of two kinds, 
positive and negative, and that positively toned words 
tend to be remembered, while negatively toned ones 
tend to be forgotten. The galvanometer records both 
kinds of tone. Reaction times and failures in repro- 
duction are, in general, signs of negatively-toned 
words. Reaction-word experiments were also carried 
out with subjects under the influence of alcohol. It 
was found in these cases that highly-toned reactions 
gained and moderately-toned ones lost ; and that the 
reactions in general regressed towards an all-or-none, 
or protopathic, type. The research is a well-planned 
one, and some of the conclusions valuable not only in 
themselves, but also. in their applications to other 
problems in psychology 
NO. 2784, VOL. III] 
NATURE 



(6) Prof. Pear’s work on memory is not an ordinary E 
text-book on the subject. In the first place, it is a 
popular exposition, growing out of a nucleus of lectures 
originally delivered to officers of the R.A.M.C. on the 
[Marcu -10, 1983.09 
normal functions of memory, intended to help them — 5 
to estimate abnormalities in their patients. 
second place, its net is cast wide enough to include — 
much that is usually not treated in formal discussions — 
of the topic. 
Pear deals with the nature of memory and the 
mechanism of remembering, as well as of the process 
In the 3 
o™ 
a 
of forgetting. There is an important chapter on the — 
functions of the image, in which the question of “ image- 
less thought ” is treated, and much on dreams, their 
mechanism and analysis. This last has become very 
prominent of recent years in relation to memory in 
connexion with psychoanalysis. The book has appen-— 
dices on synesthesia, number-forms, muscular skill, 
and the significance for problems of memory of some 
recent experiments (Head’s and Rivers’s) on the nervous 
system. It is written in the characteristic breezy style 
of Prof. Pear, and should be of value as an easy intro- 
ductory avenue to the subject of which it treats. 

Carotin-like Colours in Plant and 
Animal Tissues. 
Carotinoids and Related Pigments: the Chromolipoids. 
By Prof. Leroy S. Palmer. (American Chemical 
Society Monograph Series.) Pp. 316. (New York : 
The Chemical Catalog Co. Inc., 1922). 4.50 dollars. 
O all who are interested in the investigation of the 
colouring matters produced by Nature in the 
vegetable and animal kingdoms this work should be 
welcome. It forms one of a monograph series, being 
produced under the auspices of the American Chemical 
Society in accordance with an arrangement with the 
Inter-Allied Conference on Pure and Applied Chemistry 
which met in July 1919. The series will form a very 
valuable addition to chemical literature in the English 
language if all the volumes deal as thoroughly with 
their respective subjects as does this one. . 
The author restricts himself to red, orange, and yellow 
pigments which can be extracted from the tissues by 
fat solvents—the carotinoids and related colouring 
matters. The opening chapter contains a very neces- 
sary review of the nomenclature in use, in the course of 
which the various irregularities and overlappings that 
exist are clearly indicated and the methods of nomen- 
clature used in the treatise itself is set out. This 
chapter is, of necessity, rather disjointed in character, 
and the section dealing with non-carotinoid plant pig- 
ments is poor. For the sake of convenience the author, 
when passing to the description of the carotinoids which 
