724 
from September 1 next to the University readership 
in geography tenable at Bedford College. In 1918 
she was appointed assistant lecturer in geography 
at the College, and has been since 1920 head of that 
department. 
Dr. John Marshall has been appointed as from 
September I next to the University readership in 
mathematics tenable at Bedford College. He has 

been junior lecturer in mathematics at University | 
| to some classes, would not produce the great advantage 
College, Dundee, and senior lecturer in mathematics 
at University College, Nottingham. Since 1920 he | 
has been senior lecturer in mathematics at University 
College, Swansea. 
Oxrorp.—On May 15 a decree was passed by | 
Convocation authorising the presentation of an 
address to the Universities of Paris and Strasbourg 
on the occasion of the celebration of the centenary of 
the birth of Louis Pasteur. 
It has been decided to offer an annual scholarship 
in chemistry under the will of the late Charles Day 
Dowling Gibbs. 
A prize in natural science has been established by 
Mrs. Emily Poulton, in memory of her daughter, 
Hilda Ainley Walker, open to women members of 
the Society of Oxford Home-Students. 

Tuer Ellen Richards Research Prize of tooo dollars, 
for 1924, is being offered for theses by women, based 
on independent laboratory research. 
should not be awarded, a grant may be made under 
certain conditions. 
and application forms, are obtainable from Dr. Lilian 
Welsh, Goucher College, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., 
or from Mrs. Samuel F. Clarke, Williamstown, Mass., 
U.S.A. 
. THe Dr. Edith Pechey Phipson post-graduate 
scholarship, value roo/. a year for not more than three 
years, will be awarded in June by the council of the 
London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for 
Women, 
women, preferably coming from India, or going to 
work in India, and is for assistance in post-graduate 
study. The latest date for the receipt of applications 
(which should be sent to the Warden and Secretary of | 
the School, 8 Hunter Street, W.C.1) is May 31. 
Tue Board of Education is organising short summer 
courses of instruction for teachers in technical and 
evening schools (Form rose. U.). Engineering science 
and electrical engineering are dealt with at Oxford 
and Birmingham. Both courses commence at Bir- 
mingham on July 23 and are concluded (July 28 to 
August 8) at Oriel College, Oxford. The courses 
include practical work on heat engines, hydraulics, 
mechanics, materials, electrical testing, wireless, 
thermo-electricity and magnetic testing. Building 
science is divided into two courses, (a) building 
mechanics and structures and (b) general science and 
laboratory work, both at Westminster Training 
College, Horseferry Road, London, $.W.1. Applica- 
tions to attend these courses, to be obtained and 
returned through the local Education Authority if 
‘ the teacher is working under such an authority, must 
be received by the Board of Education not later | 
than June r. 
Tue Manchester Municipal College of Technology | 
is this year celebrating its ‘‘coming of age.” It 
originated in a Mechanics’ Institution» founded in 
1824 with the object, common to many similar 
foundations of the second quarter of the nineteenth | 
century, of “‘ enabling mechanics and artisans to 
If the prize | 
Information respecting the prize, | 
NATURE - 

The scholarship is open to all medical | 

become acquainted with such branches of science as | 
are of practical application in the exercise of their 
trades."" Conceived without much regard to the 
principles of industrial psychology, the methods 
NO. 2795, VOL. III] 
| engineers. 
| adequate works J 
intolerable drain on the slender resources of their. 
[May 26, 1923 
employed commonly failed to attract people of the 
class for whom they were intended, and thirty years 
after its foundation a vice-president of the Manchester 
institution remarked, ‘‘ Nature was as bountiful to 
the working-class in talent and energy as to the 
higher classes,’’ but ‘‘ those for whom this institution 
was destined did not avail themselves of it,’ and 
“until we enforced education upon all classes, 
Mechanics’ Institutions, successful as they might be 
they might otherwise do.” The Paris exhibition of 
1867 having attracted attention to a growing in- 
feriority of English arts and crafts, a cry was again 
raised for technical education among workmen, and 
this was echoed by the directors of the Manchester 
institution, who in their report for 1868 approved 
of “‘ recurring to a system of education, the basis of 
which was prescribed in the original preamble, viz. 
to instruct the working-classes in the principles of 
the arts they practise.’’ In 1882 it was converted 
into a technica] school, which was in 1892 taken over 
by the City Corporation. The College into which 
| it has grown had in 192I—22 an income of 143,000/., 
of which nearly 64 per cent. (more than the produce 
of a 4d. rate) was provided by the Corporation. Of 
| the 6223 students 553 were taking courses of uni- 
| versity standard. ° 
' upon the work and development of the College has 
An interesting series of articles 
been contributed to the Manchester City News by 
the former principal, Mr. J. H. Reynolds. 
AmonG the various links connecting abstract 
science and engineering is the scientific education of 
Thirty years ago Sir William Anderson 
deplored the fact that except in the noble endow- 
| ments of the City and Guilds schools and the Govern- 
ment institutions at South Kensington in London, 
the movement to secure the necessary training 
languished for want of adequate support. Sir 
Richard Glazebrook, in his ‘‘ James Forrest ” 
lecture to the Institution of Civil Engineers on May 4, 
made reference to this, and gave a brief outline of the 
conditions at present. The City and Guilds College 
—the Engineering Department of the Imperial 
College—opened in 1886 with 35 students; in July 
1922 there weie 492 engineering students in the 
College, and 138 students of the Royal College of 
Science and the Royal School of Mines were also 
receiving instruction. The numbers for the Schools 
of the University of London and its other institutions 
were not quoted, but it may be said that these show 
corresponding increases. In the period from 1903 to 
1922 London University conferred 1294 internal and 
756 external engineering degrees. The growth in the 
provincial universities and colleges has also been very 
large. Among other hopeful signs is the increasing 
interest in the education of apprentices shown by 
trades unions ; a report on this subject was presented 
at the Trades Union Congress last year. The scheme 
of industrial bursaries started in 1911 by the Royal 
Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 is for the 
award of bursaries to students who have done well 
in some branch of science and who propose to go into 
works. Up to December last about 19,000/. has been 
expended on 185 bursars. The scheme is an ex- 
tremely useful one and could be extended with 
advantage. Many young men find it extremely 
difficult, after a successful college career, to obtain 
experience without causing an 
parents. It is also of interest to record that there is 
an 
trained men ;_ the associations of works and colleges 
were greatly strengthened during the War, and many 
firms now prefer men for their staffs who possess 
university degrees. 
increasing demand by employers for college- 
ee SEE 
. 
