820 

given by the Duke of Atholl, Under Secretary of 
State for Air; while at the final meeting the closing 
address will be delivered by the Secretary of State 
for Air, Sir Samuel Hoare. Among the important 
papers of general interest may be mentioned those 
on air mails by General Williamson, on the develop- 
ment of commercial aviation by Mr. Handley Page, 
on aviation insurance by Mr, Sturge, and on various 
airship questions by Major Scott and Ing. Nobili, 
Problems in navigation and in the medical aspects 
of aviation are not neglected, while the standardisa- 
tion and the scientific aspects of aviation are re- 
presented by papers by Sir Richard T. Glazebrook, 
Mr. Le Maistre, Wing-Commander Hynes, Dr. 
Stanton, Mr. Southwell, Mr. McKinnon Wood, and 
other members of the staff of the Royal Aircraft 
Establishment. 
TuE eleventh International Physiological Congress, 
which will be held at Edinburgh on July 23-27, 
under the presidency of Sir Edward Sharpey Schafer, 
is apparently the first scientific meeting of its kind 
in Scotland, and promises to be very successful. 
Already more than 250 physiologists from various parts 
of the world have signified their intention of attending 
the meeting, and a large number of countries will be 
represented. The largest contingent from abroad is 
coming from the United States and Canada, and will 
number about forty. A second notice has just been 
circulated, from which we see that, on presentation 
of an official voucher, return tickets to Edinburgh 
will be issued at a single fare and a third by any 
railway booking office in Britain. The provisional 
programme of the Congress includes a reception by 
the Lord Provost of Edinburgh and an address by 
Prof. J. J. R. Macleod, of Toronto, on insulin. Those 
who intend to take part in the Congress should, 
unless they have already done so, communicate with- 
out delay with one of the secretaries, Prof. G. Barger 
or Prof, J. C. Meakins, University of Edinburgh. 
Tuer seventh International Congress of Psychology 
will be held at Oxford on July 26—August 2, and will 
differ from preceding congresses in that it will be 
restricted to 200 members, membership being confined 
to trained psychologists, and a few others approved 
by the committee. It is hoped to provide inter- 
national symposia on subjects of present interest, 
the contributions being circulated in advance, and 
each day will be devoted to a different aspect of 
psychology (general, educational, industrial, medical, 
social, etc.). The mornings will be occupied in the 
discussion of more general problems (such as the 
perception of time, the perception of form, the nature 
of general ability, the concepts of mental and nervous 
energy, the principles of vocational testing, the 
psychological value of certain psychoanalytic views), 
and the afternoons in the presentation of a limited 
number of papers offered by individual members. 
Exhibits of apparatus and less technical lectures will 
be also arranged. The recognised languages of the 
Congress will be English, French, German, and Italian. 
Further particulars can be obtained from the assistant 
secretary, Mr. W. J. H. Sprott, Clare College, Cam- 
bridge. 
No. 2798, VOL. I11 | 
NATURE 
| founded in Finland in 1918. 
| triangulation in Finland is great. 

[JuNE 16, 1923, aa 
THE ninety-first annual meeting of the British 
Medical Association is to be held at Portsmouth on 
July 24-27, and the president-elect, Mr. C. P. Childe, 
senior surgeon of the Royal Portsmouth Hospi 
will deliver his address on the first day of the meetin 
The following presidents of sections have been 
elected :—Medicine ;: Sir Thomas Horder; Surgery 
Sir Henry Gray ; Obstetrics and Gynecology: Dr. 
V. Bonney; Pathology and Bacteriology: Dr. H. | 
Maclean; Neurology and Psychological Medicine : Sy 
Dr. Henry Devine; Ophthalmology: ‘Sir John 
Parsons; Public Health: Dr. A. Mearns Fraser; 
Diseases of Children: Dr. E. Cautley; Laryngology — 
and Otology: Mr. E. B. Waggett; Radiology and 
Electrology: Mr. S. Gilbert Scott; Naval and 
Military Hygiene: Surgeon Rear-Admiral Sir Perey 
Bassett-Smith ; Tuberculosis: Sir Henry Gauvain; 
Medical Sociology : Mr. H. B. Brackenbury ; Ortho- 
pedics: Mr. T. H. Openshaw; Venereal Diseases : 
Sir Archdall Reid ; Anzsthetics: Mr. W. J. Essery. — 
A provisional programme has been issued which 
includes provision for discussions on diabetes 
(Section of Medicine), in which Dr. F. G. Banting, of 
the University of Toronto, will take part, on the part 
played by fungi in disease (Section of Pathology and 
Bacteriology), to be opened by Dr. A. Castellani, of 
the London School of Tropical Medicine, and the 
artificial light treatment of lupus and other forms of 
tuberculosis (Section of Tuberculosis), to be opened 
by Dr. Reyn, of the Finsen Light Institute at Copen- 
hagen. The annual exhibition of surgical appliances, 
foods, drugs, and books will be opened on July 24 and 
remain open until July 27. The honorary local 
general secretaries for the meeting are :—Mr. C. A. 
Scott Ridout, St. Elmo, Clarendon Road, Southsea, 
and Mr. E. J. Davis Taylor, 20 Clarence Parade, 
Southsea. 
oy 



Paved 
j 
AFTER several unsuccessful attempts under the 
Russian regime, an institute of geodesy was eventually 
The first report, which 
has now been published, covers the work accom- 
plished until the end of 19r9. The need for accurate 
The existing maps ~ 
leave much room for improvement. Two chains of 
triangulation cross the country, one from north to 
south, surveyed about 1840 in the measurement of 
an arc of meridian, and the other along the Gulf of 
Finland from the isthmus of Carelia to the Aland 
Islands. The latter is very defective and the first 
is of little use as the triangulation stations were 
seldom marked on the ground. The first eighteen 
months of the institute’s existence were spent largely 
in organisation. No funds being available for a new 
building, a house in Helsingfors was adapted for the 
purpose. Dr. I. Bonsdorff was appointed director 
and given a staff of five or six assistants. A small 
supply of instruments and a library of about Iooo 
volumes were acquired. It was decided to begin 
work on a line of primary triangulation from the 
isthmus of Carelia to the Aland Islands joining to 
the triangulations of Sweden, Esthonia, and Central 
Europe. A preliminary reconnaissance for this 
triangulation was undertaken. 
