1876.] HON. W. DRUMMOND ON AFRICAN RHINOCEROSES. 109 



pressing even feelings so violent as pain, fear, anger, and solicitude 

 for their young. But that the feeling exists at times in all I am 

 pretty sure, even in so melancholy a creature as the Heron. 



Probably the concert-screaming of Foxes and Monkeys and many 

 other animals, the pretty "showing-oif " of Jacanas and other birds, 

 and the aerial vagaries of Snipes, accompanied by peculiar sounds 

 called "bleating" or "drumming," and a hundred more strange 

 performances are due to the same cause. 



5. On the African Rhinoceroses. 

 By the Hon. W. H. Drummond. 



[Eeceived December 20, 1875.] 



I believe that at present naturalists have arrived at no decided con- 

 clusions as to the number of species of Rhinoceros inhabiting Africa ; 

 and as I have had some practical experience on the subject I beg 

 leave to offer these few remarks for their consideration. 



As far as my own experience and the inquiries I have made of 

 natives well acquainted with the facts, and of European travellers and 

 hunters who were equally qualified to offer an opinion, have gone, I 

 believe, in accordance with the recorded opinions of most travellers 

 and sportsmen who have given any attention to the subject, that 

 there are four distinct species ; while if R. oswellii be not merely a 

 variety of R. siimis, as I am inclined to think it is, it would follow 

 that there was one more. These I would class as follows : — R. simus, 

 the " Mohohu " of the Bechuanas, and the " Umkave " or " Um- 

 kombewoquobo " of the Amazulu, Amatabili, and Ama Tonga tribes ; 

 R. keitloa, the Keitloa of the west, and Umkombe Tovote of the 

 east ; R. hicornis major, the greater black species, known as the 

 Kulumane on the eastern side, while in South Central Africa (I 

 mean the country north of the Transvaal Repubhc, and south of 

 the Zambesi) it is, I believe, known as the "Borele ;" and R. bicornis 

 minor, the small black species, known up to the Limpopo as the 

 " Upetyane," and among the Dutch republics to the north as the 

 " Klin rhinaster." To these must, I suppose, be added R. oswelli, 

 or the " Kabaoba," until we are in a position to prove conclusivelv 

 that it is merely a variety, as I think, for reasons hereafter to be 

 stated, will ultimately prove to be the case. 



Of the above, R. simus and R. osweUii are those generally known 

 as the "white," while R. keitloa, R. bicornis major, and R. bicornis 

 minor are called the " black ;" and before proceeding further I should 

 like to say a few words about the nomenclature I have made use of, 

 and which (with the exception of the introduction of what I believe 

 to be a distinct species, which for want of a better name I have called 

 R. bicornis minor, the Small Black Rhinoceros or Upetyane) is the no- 

 menclature I believe to be in general use. The distinction, however, 

 of black and white seems to me misleading and misapplied, all 

 Rhinoceroses being of the same colour, namely a peculiar shade 



