EASTERN AND WESTERN FORMS OF THE NUTCRACKER. 443 
brachyrhynchus. On the other hand, the Slender-billed Nutcracker 
should stand as— 
Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynchus, Brehm. 
Nucifraga macrorhynchus, Breum. Lehrb. Eur. Vég., p. 103. (1823.) 
N. hamata, Brehm, Isis, 1833, p. 970. (1833.) 
NN. caryocatactes, Selys-Longch., Bull. Ac. Brux., xi. (p. 298), (part; nee 
Linn.). (1845.) 
? N. arquata, Brehm., Vogelf., p. 66. (1855.) 
N. caryocatactes macrorhynchus, Brehm, Verz. Samml., p. 4. (1866.) 
N. caryocatactes leptorhynchus, R. Blasius, Ornis, ii. p. 543 ; extr. p. 107; 
pl.i.; pl. ii. figs. 1,2. (1886.) 
It appears that Von Tschusi-Schmidhoffen, quite indepen- 
dently and about the same time, came to the same conclusions as 
Dr. R. Blasius,* and both these ornithologists agree in dividing 
the Nutcracker into two races—one western, thick-billed, and 
another eastern, slender-billed. According to them N. caryoca- 
tactes brachyrhynchus “‘ breeds in the northern temperate zone of 
the western portion of the Palearctic Region, viz., in the forests 
of Lapland, Scandinavia, the Baltic provinces of Russia, Hast 
Prussia, the Harz, the Riesengebirge (Béhmerwald), the Schwarz- 
wald (Black Forest), the Carpathians (the mountains of Bosnia, 
Herzegovina, and Dalmatia), the whole extent of the Alps, and 
the Pyrenees.” N. c. macrorhynchus, on the other hand, is 
stated to “breed in the northern temperate zone of the eastern 
portion of the Palearctic Region, viz., in the forests of Asia, from 
Kamtschatka and Japan west to the Ural Mountains, and the 
governments of Perm and Vologda in Kuropean Russia.” 
Mr. Henry Seebohm, in a paper “ On the Arctic Form of the 
Nutcracker,” + has lately taken issue with Dr. R. Blasius in regard 
to the alleged distribution of the two forms, though agreeing with 
him in the general result, viz., the distinctness of the forms, and 
the migrant into northern Europe being the slender-billed 
Siberian race. He contends that ‘‘that there is not an eastern 
and a western form, * * * but an arctic and a temperate 
form. * * * The Siberian form appears sometimes to winter 
* See ‘‘ Verbreit. und Zug. d. Tannenhehers,” ‘ Verhandl. k. k. zool.-bot. 
Ges. Wien.,’ 1888, p. 488 ; separate copies, p. 82. 
+ ‘ Ibis,’ 1888, pp. 2836—241. 
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