1901 | NORMAL SOLUTIONS 231 
HCl I mol. wt. in grams per liter of solution 
H,SO, 4 e . * : 
Na,PO, + sd a “ 
KMnO, 4+ " - v = 
Kz Ce, 0, + ‘ , " “(Talbot 19, p.65) 
3. TALBor (19, p. 64): “A normal solution as defined by 
Mohr (Talbot 19, pp. 64, 65) contains in one liter ‘one equiva- 
lent of the active reagent in grams.’ The equivalent in grams 
may be defined as ‘that quantity of the active reagent which 
contains, replaces, unites with, or in any way, directly or indi- 
rectly, brings into reaction one gram of hydrogen.’” 
Mitter and Kivikani (11, p. 22), state regarding normality 
of solutions that ‘like volumes are equivalent to one another.” 
On the other side of the question, however, there are a few 
who use gram molecule per liter solutions and call them normal 
solutions. Of these, two perhaps are worth mentioning, Muter 
and Menschutkins, both cited by Sutton (18, p. 28). 
In Ostwald’s own work (13) he uses both gram-equivalent 
per liter and gram-molecule per liter of solution, but never con- 
fuses them. He uses the gram-molecule solutions for demon- 
strating molecular conductivity, and some of these tables are to 
be found in his Lehrbuch (2, pp. 722-772). Ostwald (15, p. 281) 
gives Kohlrausch’s (6) table of equivalent quantities (not 
molecular quantities) for several solutions and enunciates the 
principle that the equivalent conductivity is a direct measure of 
the velocity of the migration of the ions. Ostwald (14, p. 284) 
uses normal solutions (with table) in regard to surface-tension 
of solutions, and on pp. 170-172 he uses molecular solutions with 
table of reference for molecular lowering of the vapor-pressure. 
There are only two instances of different tables used by Ostwald 
in his work. It will thus be seen that he makes use of both 
kinds cf solutions according as they best suit his particular pur- 
pose. 
Van’t Hoff (23, p. 117), referring to Ostwald, uses the term 
‘‘so-called molecular conductivity,” and he uses freely the term 
normality as applied to solutions. Hittorf’s table ( Le Blanc 7, 
