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Igor] NORMAL SOLUTIONS 235 
method of preparing them as to the application to them of chem- 
ical or physical tables prepared on a different basis; and to the 
error arising from their being called by names which mean some- 
thing different. A solution prepared by dissolving one gram- 
equivalent in a liter of water is quite different in concentration 
(in the case of strong solutions sapeckany) from that prepared 
by dissolving one gram lent in a liter of solution. The dif- 
ference is so apparent that explanation is unnecessary. 
The use of the chemical symbol z to represent solutions with- 
out some explanation as to the method of preparation of the 
solution, is likely to cause some doubt to be cast upon the work. 
One will naturally infer that those who use the symbol with- 
out explanation are as likely to err as those who use it with 
explanation, but in making explanation show an error of inter- 
pretation; though this inference might be unfair. 
Garry (3, p. 298) states: “To designate chemically equiva- 
lent solutions, the chemist uses fractional parts of the so-called 
normal solutions, z. e., the solution made by dissolving the equiv- 
alent gram-molecule in one liter of water.’ He uses the symbol 
N to designate his solutions, but if he prepared them after the 
method indicted above he is not warranted in using the symbol 
for normal solutions. Chemical tables showing degree of disso- 
ciation will, of course, not apply to solutions so made. 
True (20, p. 186) uses the term m-1024 in reference to Ost- 
wald’s tables (16), but he is not warranted in using this term 
because Ostwald’s tables just referred to are not based on normal 
solutions but are molecular solutions. Heald (4, p. 138) uses 
the term Vand refers to the same page of Zeitschrift for degree 
of dissociation. These tables do not apply. 
In the works of Loeb (9), D. J. Lingle (8), and A. Moore 
(12) the symbol z is used to designate the solutions, but no 
explanation is given, though in the context there are indications 
that the symbol z is properly applied. 
The results of the errors and misconceptions just referred to 
may be much or little according as the points brought out are of 
little or of much consequence. At all events, there seems need 
