418 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 
ing statements already given in lectures, or preliminary to such 
statements. The latter is much the better way, and has been 
well elaborated by Prof. Beal in his paper on “The New Botany.” 
A third method is to have the class examine a few types of struc- 
ture from the lowest to the highest, and thus get some general 
notion of the structure of the vegetable kingdom, as well as the 
broad outlines of its groups. The last would commend itself as 
a very philosophical way of treating the subject, if the object is 
to study botany, and not one department of it. 
r work extending through a greater time, such as is ob- 
tained in well equipped botanical laboratories, the following 
courses, already in use in different institutions, are presented. 
0 names are used, as the courses are only selected as types, of 
which there are many modifications, but they represent very well 
our present methods of instruction. 
- Beginners use the facilities of a well-equipped laboratory 
to enable them to master the subject of assigned “lessons” in 
some text-book like Bessey’s Botany. Each man is told to feel 
is followed, but simply the order of convenience. The literature 
of the subjects examined is constantly consulted, though gener- 
ally after the examination has been made. Soon some topi¢ 1s 
assigned, which the student must “ work up” by observation and 
present in a final aper. 
For advanced students the work is of a similar nature, but 
closer observation is demanded and a stricter attention to details, 
and the study of comparison of structures is strongly urged. 
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