76  SCHAFFNER: SEX REVERSAL IN THE JAPANESE HOP 
represent the diversity of floral structure to be found. Such 
confusion in character expression is quite generally present 
whenever the change from one sexual condition to the other 
takes place on a developing monecious inflorescence axis or 
when two tissues of opposite sexual state meet at a point pre- 
destined by its position to give rise to a flower, as shown by the 
‘writer elsewhere.* 
IG. I represents a typical staminate flower from a staminate 
plant and Fics. 2-12 represent a series of flowers and flower 
parts taken from staminate plants with sex reversal. They 
show how one can find all stages of transition and confusion in 
the sexual expression. Stamens may develop stigmas (FIGs. 2, 
3, 6), ovularies may give rise to microsporangia (FIGs. 5, 9, 10, 
11), and normal or nearly — stamens and ovularies may 
develop in the same flower (Fic. 
FIG. 13 represents a typical cies Sores from a carpellate 
plant, and Fics. 14-22 represent a series of flowersfrom carpellate 
intermediate plants showing various types of sex mosaics up to 
the normal staminate flower in Fic. 22. Just as in the reversed 
flowers from the staminate plants there are here striking cases 
of sex tissue mosaics. FIGs. 14 and 15 represent ovularies with 
stamens developing from their sides. The ovulary in FIG. 15 
has but one stigma. FIG. 17 represents an ovulary with two 
microsporangia near the top, and Fics. 20 and 21 — 
carpel-stamen complexes in decidedly staminate flowe 
As stated before, such examples could be extended saoeeitab 
each one showing some rather prominent example of peculiar 
sexual expression. The development of these complex sex 
mosaics is due to thedisturbances brought about by the abnormal 
environmental conditions, probably largely through a disturbed 
metabolism, which causes one cell or cell complex to be thrown 
into the male state while the neighboring cells remain in the 
female state, or vice versa. It seems clear that the more recent 
notions in regard to sex will need to be revised and restated in 
agreement with actually ascertained experimental evidence. The 
notion that sexuality is primarily hereditary in nature and 
Mendelian will have to be abandoned. It clearly does not appear 
* Reversal of the sexual state in certain ES of monecious inflorescences. 
Ohio Jour. Sci. 21: 185-200. 1921. 
