78 SCHAFFNER: SEX REVERSAL IN THE JAPANESE HOP 
condition in the vegetative phase of development, both naturally 
and through experimental means, the male to the female and 
the female to the male. 
The sexuality of cells, tissues, organs, and individuals is due 
to some state or condition, apparently related to chemico- 
electrical phenomena, which arises in the cell units at certain 
stages of the ontogeny and gives a peculiar character, either 
male, female, or neutral, to the materials and structures produced 
through the operation of the hereditary factors present. It is 
probable that the identical factors may give rise to characters 
which we recognize as male or female ; at least both kinds of 
structures arise in the same organs or tissues, side by side, 
which would under the usual expression be purely male or 
purely female. 
CoLumBus, OHIO 
Explanation of plate 2 
All the figures are slightly magnified. 
Fic. 1. Staminate flower from staminate plant. 
Fic. 2. Confused flower from staminate plant. 
IG. 3. From staminate plant. A central staminate structure with a 
stigma, the upper part of the stigma is destitute of stigmatic hairs. This 
flower had four normal stamens and five sepals. 
IG. 4. Flower from lower branch of decidedly staminate plant, showing 
imperfect ovulary with one stigma. 
Fic. 5. Central ovulary with one stigma and an imperfect anther with 
two microsporangia growing out of the side near the top. The flower had four 
sepals and five normal stamens. Staminate plant. 
Fic. 6. Flower from staminate plant with two stamens without stigmas 
but one with an ovulary-lik tgrowth at the base, and with a central stamen- 
carpel complex. 
Fic. 7. Flower from a staminate plant with three sepals, three stamens, 
and a central imperfect ovulary with one long and one short stigma. 
Fic. 8. Flower from staminate plant, with one nearly perfect gynecum 
and one stamen. : 
Fic. 9. Confused carpellate flower from a staminate plant, the ovulary 
with three stigmas, the smaller one having a microsporangium at its base 
IG. 10. An ovulary-like struct ding i ti d with microspor- 
angia on opposite sides. From staminate plant. 
Fic, 11. An ovulary with one prominent stigma and with a stamen 
growing out from its side. From staminate plant. 
1G. 12. A nearly perfect carpellate flower from a staminate plant. The 
perianth sheath is split down on one side instead of being continuous. 
Fic. 13. A typical carpellate flower from a carpellate plant. 
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