STEIL: THE ANTHEROZOID OF THE GENUS RICCARDIA 201 
first forms a funnel but after a short interval takes on the 
form of a loosely coiled spiral. The peculiar funnel-like shaped 
of the body is characteristic, as has already been stated, of only 
the free swimming antherozoid of Riccardia pinguis. In this 
respect, the antherozoid of this species suggests that of the 
genus Marsilia. 
Miss Clapp* studied the life his- 
tory of Riccardia pinguis but made 
no detailed study of spermatogenesis. 
In her discussion, she states that her 
observations were confined to anther- 
ozoids which had not yet developed 
to maturity. No differences in length 
or points of attachment of the cilia 
were observed. 
On account of the peculiar de- 
velopment of the gemmae in some 
of the Riccardia species, such as R. 
multifida, it has been suggested that 
these liverworts might be traced to Fic. 5. An antherozoid of 
algal origin, probably to the Chloro- — Riccardia multifida. X 1527. 
phyceae. The nature of the cilia of : 
the antherozoid suggests a possible heterokont relationship. 
Although the antherozoids of only three species have been 
studied, it is very likely that these are typical for the genus 
Riccardia. A study of other members of the Jungermanniales 
may result in the discovery of antherozoids similar to those 
here reported. 
The writer wishes to thank Dr. A. M. Showalter of the 
Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, and M 
Severin Rapp of Sanford, Florida, for assistance in obtaining 
material, and Dr. A. W. Evans and Miss Caroline Haynes 
for identifying some of the specimens. 
MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY, 
WAUKEE, WISCONSIN 
* The life history of Aneura pinguis. Bot. Gaz. 54: 177-193- pl. 9-12. 1912. 
