﻿1890.] 
  BOTANICAL 
  GAZETTE. 
  2O9 
  

  

  and 
  the 
  hands 
  of 
  the 
  operator 
  washed 
  in 
  corrosive 
  sublimate, 
  

   but 
  perfectly 
  pure 
  cultures 
  were 
  not 
  obtained 
  in 
  any 
  in- 
  

   stance. 
  

  

  Though 
  the 
  cultures 
  were 
  not 
  perfectly 
  pure, 
  they 
  had 
  

   such 
  a 
  very 
  small 
  amount 
  of 
  impurities 
  in 
  them 
  that 
  the 
  results 
  

   were 
  almost 
  or 
  quite 
  the 
  same 
  as 
  would 
  very 
  probably 
  be 
  

   obtained 
  from 
  pure 
  cultures. 
  

  

  The 
  inferences 
  drawn 
  from 
  these 
  experiments 
  are 
  that 
  both 
  

   yeast 
  (Saccharomyces 
  cerevisite) 
  and 
  bacteria 
  (Bacillus 
  sub- 
  

   tills?) 
  separately 
  generate 
  carbon-dioxide 
  in 
  sufficient 
  quan- 
  

   tities 
  to 
  raise 
  bread. 
  The 
  amount 
  of 
  gas 
  generated 
  is 
  pre- 
  

   sumably 
  in 
  direct 
  proportion 
  to 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  the 
  organisms 
  

   and 
  the 
  viscosit}' 
  of 
  the 
  surrounding 
  medium. 
  From 
  the 
  fact 
  

   that 
  the 
  bacteria-inoculated 
  fluid 
  gave 
  oft' 
  more 
  carbon-diox- 
  

   ide 
  than 
  the 
  yeast 
  fuid, 
  while 
  the 
  bacteria 
  sponge 
  gave 
  off 
  

   less 
  than 
  the 
  yeast 
  sponge, 
  it 
  would 
  indicate 
  that 
  the 
  growth 
  

   of 
  yeast 
  was 
  less 
  in 
  the 
  fluid 
  than 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  bacteria, 
  but 
  

   greater 
  in 
  the 
  sponge, 
  as 
  the 
  sponges 
  in 
  both 
  cases 
  were 
  most 
  

   probably 
  of 
  equal 
  viscosity, 
  as 
  the 
  conditions 
  were 
  as 
  nearly 
  

   as 
  possible 
  the 
  same 
  in 
  both. 
  

  

  It 
  was 
  demonstrated 
  by 
  the 
  experiments 
  that 
  both 
  yeast 
  

   and 
  bacteria 
  can 
  separately 
  raise 
  bread, 
  and, 
  under 
  the 
  con- 
  

   ditions 
  of 
  the 
  experiments, 
  the 
  yeast 
  somewhat 
  better 
  than 
  

   the 
  bacteria. 
  Now, 
  whether 
  or 
  not 
  they 
  act 
  together 
  in 
  rais- 
  

   ing 
  bread 
  ordinarily 
  was 
  not 
  demonstrated, 
  but 
  from 
  the 
  fact 
  

   that 
  both 
  organisms 
  were 
  found 
  in 
  large 
  quantities 
  in 
  dough 
  

   that 
  had 
  been 
  raised 
  by 
  Fleischmann's 
  yeast, 
  and 
  that 
  bac- 
  

   teria 
  are 
  always 
  in 
  the 
  air 
  and 
  in 
  large 
  quantities 
  on 
  the 
  sur- 
  

   face 
  of 
  the 
  grain 
  from 
  which 
  flour 
  is 
  made, 
  and 
  also 
  that 
  they 
  

   occur 
  in 
  all 
  preparations 
  of 
  yeast 
  ferment, 
  it 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  

   only 
  satisfactory 
  conclusion 
  that 
  both 
  the 
  bacteria 
  and 
  the 
  

   yeast 
  act 
  together 
  in 
  raising 
  most 
  if 
  not 
  all 
  kinds 
  of 
  bread. 
  

  

  j_, 
  V, 
  i. 
  i 
  J 
  V. 
  i. 
  ,ii 
  miJLl.±. 
  

  

  Purdue 
  University 
  , 
  Lafaycite 
  

  

  BRIEFER 
  ARTICLES. 
  

  

  Some 
  

  

  The 
  mild 
  weather 
  during 
  the 
  past 
  

  

  ^inter 
  caused 
  tio 
  many 
  remarkable 
  changes 
  in 
  the 
  usual 
  habits 
  of 
  plants, 
  

   in 
  this 
  locality, 
  that 
  I 
  can 
  not 
  forbear 
  offering 
  a 
  few 
  notes 
  for 
  publication. 
  

   Alalva 
  rotundifolia, 
  Stellaria 
  media. 
  Alyssum 
  maritimum, 
  Capsella 
  Bur- 
  

   8a-pastoris, 
  Bellis 
  perennis, 
  and 
  Lamium 
  aroplesicaule, 
  continued 
  in 
  

  

  bio 
  

  

  ^^^ 
  all 
  winter, 
  except 
  about 
  the 
  first 
  three 
  weeks 
  of 
  March, 
  during 
  

   ^liich 
  time, 
  it 
  was 
  so 
  cold 
  as 
  to 
  stop 
  vegetable 
  growth. 
  The 
  cold 
  spell 
  

  

  