1.52 RITTER. [Vo.t. XII. 
as being allied to Clavelina; while Giard ('74) considered the 
two founded by him as related to the Cynthizdae. Most of 
the authors believed the particular forms which they studied 
were true compound Ascidians, though none of them were 
able to produce the crucial test of this, vzz., evidence of the 
occurrence of multiplication by gemmation. This evidence 
remained wanting till the publication of my recent pre- 
liminary. 
By personally studying as many of the known species as 
were accessible to him, and by critical examination of the 
descriptions and figures given by other writers, Herdman has 
amply justified his uniting the genera into a single new family. 
He has also contributed many valuable observations on the 
species described by him. 
Since the work of this author appeared, there has been, so 
far as I know, but one other contribution to our knowledge of 
the group. This consists in the addition by Gottschaldt (94) 
of a new species, Goodsiria borealis. ‘To this, further reference 
will have to be made because of its close resemblance to the 
species now under consideration. 
The following is the diagnosis of the new species as my 
present knowledge enables me to give it: 
General Character of the Colonies. Predominating form flat 
and encrusting. Occurs most frequently on various sea-weeds, 
and on Styela rubra, and often so completely covers these that 
the outlines of the colonies are determined by those of the 
particular substrata. But in addition to the flat and encrusting 
condition, colonies not infrequently occur with fleshy knobs 
composed of a large mass of test material containing zooids in 
the entire surface layer but none in the centre. 
Colonies from icm. to § or 6 cm. in diameter, apparently 
tending to expand equally in all directions when permitted to 
do so by form of substratum. 
Color in living state, dull red; light brown in preserved 
specimens. 
Zootds. Fully imbedded in the test, not projecting from sur- 
face of colony; not arranged in systems, no common atrial 
orifices ; for the most part evenly distributed in surface layer 
