No.1.] BUDDING IN GOODSIRFA AND PEROPHORA. 157 
colony of G. borealis, shows it to be quite “ flat and encrusting,” 
though the author speaks of it as being fleshy. The points in 
the structure of G. borealis which preclude the placing of our 
California form in that species are these: The four-lobed 
branchial and atrial orifices; the eight series of stigmata 
(G. dura has twelve); and the presence of folds in the branchial 
sac. It is stated by Gottschaldt that “zarte Muskelfibrillen”’ 
occur in the test; but almost certainly this is an error, the 
“ Fibrillen’’ which he supposes to be muscle fibres, being 
similar to those found in the test of many other Ascidians, but 
which are in all probability correctly considered as not con- 
tractile, but mere filamentous differentiations from the matrix 
of the test. The author also says that the “liver gland” is 
well developed; but he has in all probability mistaken the 
lacteal system for a liver, since nothing corresponding to what 
is generally understood to be the liver in many simple Ascid- 
ians is present in at least three closely related species which I 
have examined with special reference to this point. These 
species are Goodsiria coccinea, G.dura, and an undescribed 
Australian species of Chorizocormus kindly furnished me by 
Prof. Herdman. 
I have regarded Syustyela incrustans and Goodsiria dura as 
closely related, more on account of resemblances in the form 
and character of the entire colonies than from similarities in 
the structure of the zooids. In the former particular, they 
undoubtedly agree rather closely, but in the latter they are, on 
the whole, as previously remarked, less closely alike than are 
G. coccinea and G. dura. The colonies of Syzstyela tncrustans 
are said by Herdman to reach a length of 20cm. in some 
cases, while it will be remembered that no colony of G. dura 
has been found more than half that size. The individual 
zooids are also much larger in the former than in the latter 
species, their length being as great as 8 mm. in the one, and 
never more than 5 mm. in the other. 
The branchial and atrial apertures of S.zucrustans are 
described as ‘conspicuous, but not distinctly lobed.” We 
have seen that in G. dura they are not conspicuous, nor are 
the lobes recognizable at all in preserved specimens, so that in 
