544 ATSIELS: [VoL. XII. 
ophthalmicus superficialis trigemini in fishes. This latter nerve 
as a separate and distinct nerve is not described, and in 
Amphibia there are no terminal buds on the top of the head 
(No. 79, p. 76). Strong (No. 121, p. 108), in larvae of Rana, 
finds the ramus ophthalmicus trigemini arising from a partially 
separate anterior, ventral and median portion of the Gasserian 
ganglion. The nerve runs forward between the two divisions 
of the oculomotorius, and gives off its first branches after pass- 
ing that nerve. It lies apparently below the abducens, but the 
description is not precise (No. 121, p. 134). Strong does not 
describe a ciliary ganglion, a profundus ganglion, or a radix 
longa. He, however, says that sympathetic fibres are con- 
nected with certain of the trigeminal branches (No. 121, p. 
119). 
In the adults of Amphibia and higher vertebrates a profundus 
ganglion is not described, so far as I can find. It is, however, 
described in certain embryos. In late embryonic stages of 
Lacerta, Hoffmann (No. 56, p. 205) describes it as a more or 
less separate and distinct ganglion, called by him the ganglion 
ophthalmicum. From it the ciliary ganglion is developed. 
From the profundus ganglion proper, after this differentiation, 
there arise a ramus frontalis and a ramus nasociliaris, and from 
the latter a ramus ciliaris connecting the nerve, and hence its 
ganglion, with the ciliary ganglion. The ramus nasociliaris is 
thus the ophthalmicus profundus of Ichthyopsida ; the ramus 
ciliaris is the radix longa, and the ramus frontalis is the portio 
ophthalmici profundi of ganoids and teleosts, or branch 1 of 
Ewart in Laemargus. The ciliary ganglion is connected with 
the inferior branch of the oculomotorius bya short radix brevis. 
As in Amphibia, so in Lacerta, there is no ramus ophthalmicus 
superficialis trigemini, for from the posterior of the two 
trigeminal ganglia described by Hoffmann, that is, from the 
entire ganglion of the trigeminal outgrowth minus the pro- 
fundus ganglion, there arise only the so-called second and third 
branches of the trigeminus, that is the superior and inferior 
maxillary nerves. 
In embryos of Torpidonotus natrix the oculomotorius and 
trochlearis are shown by Grosser and Brezina (No. 51) in one 
