No. 3.] MUSCLES AND NERVES IN AMIA CALVA. 545 
reconstruction, Fig. 8, median to, that is ventral to, the ramus 
nasociliaris trigemini and its ramus frontalis. In another 
reconstruction of an older embryo, Fig. 9, they are shown 
lateral to, that is dorsal to, the same nerves. One or the other 
must be wrong. 
In the guinea pig the ophthalmic nerve arises, according to 
Chiarugi (No. 18, p. 507), from a distant ophthalmic ganglion 
which soon fuses with the ganglion of the fifth nerve. This 
ganglion is unquestionably the profundus ganglion of Amia, and 
the ophthalmic nerve, therefore, the ophthalmicus profundus. 
In a five-months human embryo Ewart (No. 27, p. 290) finds 
vestiges of a profundus ganglion, lying under cover of the inner 
portion of the Gasserian ganglion. After describing it he states 
his conviction that ‘the ophthalmicus profundus of the elasmo- 
branch is represented in man by the so-called nasal branch of 
the ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve.” 
The arrangement of the ophthalmic nerves and their asso- 
ciated ganglia in reptiles and the higher vertebrates seems, 
therefore, to be exactly the same as in Amphibia, if a certain 
allowance be made for the indefiniteness or insufficiency of the 
observations and descriptions. In these higher forms, and in 
certain fishes as well, sympathetic branches are traced to the 
ciliary ganglion, and several investigators state that the gan- 
glion is in all probability a sympathetic, and not a spinal, or 
cerebro-spinal, ganglion. Retzius (No. 103) states positively 
that it is such in mammals, and as it is known as the ganglion 
ophthalmicum in man, that name should certainly not be given, 
as proposed by Hoffmann, to the ganglion of the profundus 
where that ganglion is found as a separate ganglion, as in 
fishes and in Lacerta. 
In the schema (Fig. 12, Pl. XXII) showing diagrammati- 
cally the relations of the oculomotorius to the muscles of the 
eye, I have also endeavored to show the relations, as above de- 
scribed, of the ophthalmicus profundus and ophthalmicus super- 
ficialis trigemini to those muscles and to the oculomotorius. 
From it it will be seen that in the disposition of these nerves, 
as well as in the manner of innervation of the muscles of the 
eye, the arrangement found in Amphibia and higher vertebrates 
