No. 3.} MUSCLES AND NERVES IN AMIA CALVA. 651 
under the proximal end of the piece onto and across its ven- 
tral surface. Nothing at all corresponding to the supra- 
pharyngobranchial of van Wijhe was found, unless it be the 
little tit-like process found on the posterior edge of the proxi- 
mal cartilaginous cap of the first epibranchial, and already 
described. In Scomber, however, such a piece is always 
found lying between, and forming the connection between, the 
first epibranchial and the second pharyngobranchial. 
The epibranchial of the second arch (£4.//) is shorter than 
that of the first. Like the latter it is somewhat triangular in 
shape, the base of the triangle directed proximally, and so 
placed that its posterior edge is at a much higher level than 
the anterior one. Both ends of the element are capped with 
cartilage, and both resemble the corresponding ends of the first 
epibranchial ; the proximal cap on this element is, however, much 
more developed than that of the first epibranchial, extends 
further outward along the posterior edge of the element, and 
has a well developed posterior process at its outer distal end. 
On this process there was, in the specimen used for illustration, 
a small piece of cartilage which lay against the outer edge of 
the levator of the arch, and is undoubtedly the suprapharyngo- 
branchial of the arch (SP&.//). Whether this element is 
always present in all specimens or not I cannot say, as it was 
found only when especial attention was directed to it in the 
last of several dissections. The posterior angle of the proxi- 
mal end of the epibranchial articulates with the outer end of 
the anterior portion of the cartilaginous rim of the third infra- 
pharyngobranchial, the articular ligament connecting the two 
pieces extending slightly onto the adjoining bony portion of 
that piece. The posterior process of the element is connected 
by ligament, the ligamentum interarcuale dorsale II (/zad.//), 
with the outer edge of the bony portion of the third infra- 
pharyngobranchial, with the anterior end of the posterior, outer 
cartilaginous edge of that piece beyond the bone, and with the 
cartilaginous cap on the proximal end of the third epibranchial. 
Between this ligament and the articular ligament there is a 
large oval opening through which descends the pharyngeal 
branch of the second vagus nerve. 
