654 ALLIS. [Vor. XII. 
cerato-epihyal, and the interhyal of Bridge. No pharyngeal 
element is ordinarily given, as such, but the hyomandibular and 
symplectic are generally considered to represent the upper end 
of the arch. I consider them the pharyngeal elements. The 
cerato-epihyal and interhyal of Bridge then become the cera- 
tohyal and epihyal, respectively, as van Wijhe has already sug- 
gested that they must be (No. 129, p. 308). 
The hypohyal (#77), which is more than half cartilage, is the 
distal member of the arch. To its anterior and ventral portion 
the large tendon of the sternohyoideus is attached, and around 
this point as a centre the piece is partly ossified, the ossifica- 
tion extending only about half way through the element so 
that its dorsal surface is left entirely cartilaginous. From the 
distal, dorsal, and inner corner of the piece a large cartilaginous 
process is directed medianward and backward, and articulates 
with the front end of the first basibranchial. There is no per- 
foration for the passage of an arteria hyoidea as in Scomber, 
Perca, and Gadus. 
The ceratohyal (CH) is the next following member of the 
arch, and is in larvae a single continuous piece of cartilage. In 
the adult it contains two ossifications. The lower and much 
larger one is the bone considered by Bridge and van Wijhe as 
the ceratal member of the arch. It is a long, strong, curved 
piece having an upper, or proximal, flattened or blade-like por- 
tion, the thin, outer edge of which is deeply grooved for nearly 
its entire length, and a lower, or distal, rounded portion or shank 
which is not grooved. The thin, outer edge of the proximal 
portion is directed ventrally and backward, and corresponds to 
the ventral surfaces of the ceratobranchials. The nerve of the 
arch, the ramus hyoideus facialis, lies, as on the other arches, 
immediately external to this groove, but no associated artery 
was found. 
The ceratohyal is capped with cartilage below, and articu- 
lates with the hypohyal, a thick pad of connective tissue lying 
| between and separating the two elements. Above, or proxi- 
mally, the lower bone ends abruptly in a nearly straight edge 
at right angles to the longitudinal edges of the element. 
Beyond this upper edge of the lower ossification there is a 
