No. 3.] MUSCLES AND NERVES IN AMIA CALVA. 685 
forward across the foramen of the nerve and then along the 
outer surface of the petrosal. It lies immediately internal to 
the levator arc. branch. int. anterior about midway of its length. 
From it, in addition to the ramus dorsalis, two main branches 
and several smaller ones arise. The main branches are the 
ramus posterior, or posttrematicus (psg/), and the ramus anterior 
(ag/), which latter soon separates into the ramus pretrematicus 
(frg/) and the ramus pharyngeus, or palatinus (fg/7). Of the 
smaller branches, one arises from the outer surface of the 
ganglion near the base of the ramus posttrematicus and enters 
at once the levator arc. branch. int. ant., which it supplies. The 
others, two in the specimen used for illustration, arise from the 
distal end of the ganglion between the two main branches. 
One goes at once to the tissues along the anterior surface of 
the distal end of the first arch. The other runs outward and 
backward along the upper surface of that arch, parallel to, and 
immediately anterior to the ramus posttrematicus, with which 
it anastomoses near the middle of the epibranchial. 
The ramus anterior runs downward and forward, dorsal to the 
efferent artery of the first branchial arch, and to the infra- 
pharyngobranchial of that arch, and there separates into its 
two portions, or branches, the ramus pharyngeus and ramus 
pretrematicus. The former runs forward, downward, and 
slightly inward, ventral to the jugular vein and the adductor 
hyomandibularis, lateral to and parallel to the common carotid 
artery, dorsal to the anterior end of the first infrapharyngo- 
branchial, ventral to and external to the hyo-opercularis and 
external carotid arteries, and then external to and ventral to 
the internal carotid. With this last artery it enters the palatine 
canal by the internal carotid foramen at the hind edge of the 
lateral wing of the parasphenoid, the foramen lying immediately 
in front of the anterior end of the first infrapharyngobranchial. 
The common carotid lies ventral to the anterior end of that 
bone, the hyo-opercularis dorsal to it, the common carotid 
separating into its internal and external branches immediately 
beyond the bone. In the palatine canal the ramus pharyngeus 
lies on the median side of the ramus palatinus facialis, and at 
the point where that nerve separates into its anterior and 
