708 ALLIS. [Vou. XII. 
not considering the pharyngeal process as formed by the fusion 
of ventral arches, is, that the ribs in Amia are ventral arches, 
and that they inclose the body cavity instead of simply the 
aorta, as the process does. As will be seen later, the statement 
that the ribs in Amia are ventral arches is not wholly above 
question. If the pharyngeal process of Cyprinoids is not 
homologous with the cartilaginous processes of Amia, it must 
have its homologue in Amia in the bony pads that give sup- 
port to the hind ends of the parasphenoid. 
On the dorsal surface of the solid end of the basioccipital, 
extending longitudinally the full length of that end, there is, 
on each side of the middle line, a projecting strip of cartilage 
(dp’, Fig. 18, Pl. XXII), which has its origin slightly below 
the outer surface of the bone. This strip is thickest along 
its median edge, and has, extending transversely across it, two 
wedge-shaped ridges. The anterior ridge is much the larger 
of the two, its summit corresponding with the hind edge of 
the occipitale laterale. The posterior ridge lies on the dorsal 
surface of the posterior, vertebra-like, terminal portion of the 
basioccipital. Between the two processes lies the anterior 
occipital dorsal arch (DA?) of Sagemehl; between the poste- 
rior process and the first vertebra, the second or posterior 
occipital arch. This second occipital arch of Sagemehl, 
although fused with the hind end of the skull, is possibly, 
though not probably, the first spinal arch, as will be later 
shown. 
From the lateral surface of the basioccipital, immediately 
dorsal to the parasphenoid, two ligaments arise (oc* and Joc*), 
one from the posterior, vertebra-like, terminal portion of the 
bone, and the other just in front of that terminal portion. The 
posterior ligament is much the stronger of the two. It runs 
outward, downward, and backward in the first prespinal or 
last occipital intermuscular septum (Figs. 33-35, Pls. XXVIII 
and X XIX), and is inserted in dense tissue lying between the 
lower, posterior end of the supraclavicular, and the upper end 
of the clavicle, the attachment being rather to the former, than 
to the latter, bone. The anterior ligament runs outward, down- 
ward, and backward in the second prespinal intermuscular 

