1870.] DR. J. MURIE ON SAIGA TARTARICA, 481 
fering from that of other animals with a like nasal elongation, as 
notably the Pig, Horse, and allied Ruminants. The Tapir probably 
presents the nearest resemblance, minus lengthening and tactile 
apex; this, as has been shown, is chiefly owing to the shortening of 
the nasal bones and cartilages. Proceeding, however, with an enu- 
meration of the parts from the superficial towards the deep, I shall 
state broadly that the muscles, vessels, and nerves closely assimilate 
in their disposition to those in the common Goat and Sheep; but 
the development of analogous parts does not quite correspond. 
In the Saiga there is a great broad sheet of muscular fibres which 
arise from the naso-, orbital, and maxillary regions, and, proceeding 
forwards, clothe the entire surface of the unusually vertically deep 
nares (vide fig. 8, Na. m). Posteriorly the fibres are thin, but they 
acquire bulk as they go forwards and downwards. To the lower 
border of the above, and, indeed, intimately connected with it, is a 
narrowed but also thick plane of muscular substance, which springs 
from the maxillary eminence and goes to the outer inferior side of 
the nostrils (z, fig. 8). Its direction is somewhat obliquely up- 
wards or convergent to the first named. These two muscles respec- 
tively correspond to the levator labii superioris aleque nasi, and 
conjoined zygomatict. The lower one may also include the levator 
labti superioris proprius, whilst the upper one, in its deep trans- 
verse pale-coloured fibres, undoubtedly comprises the homologues of 
the pyramidalis nasi, compressor naris, and dilator naris. 
The last-mentioned three muscles, though most intimately inter- 
woven with the coarser upper layer of the levator labia superioris 
aleque nasi; and in a manner inseparable from it, can yet be readily. 
distinguished, as they are much paler in colour, finer in texture, and 
set obliquely or at right angles outwards to the narial wall. The 
alar cartilages, it is true, are situated far back ; nevertheless the pos- 
terior portion of the dilator naris (or levator proprius ale nasi pos- 
terior) is clearly present, filling the deep fissure between the maxil- 
lary bone and the curved tapering alar cartilage. The anterior 
portion of the dilator (/evator proprius ale nasi anterior) abuts 
against the soft walls of the naris. The depressor ale nasi, and so- 
called naso-labialis of human anatomy, cannot be defined. 
In the Sheep and Goat the levator labii superioris aleeque nasi 1s 
very small compared with the Saiga’s; and the other deep nasal 
muscles proper, from the cartilages being carried forwards, are very 
diminutive indeed in the former animals, The zygomatic and levator 
Jabii proprius muscles, however, are coequal, probably even thicker 
in the Goat, which, as a browser, as Ogilby remarks*, uses its upper 
lip to a remarkable extent. 
The trunk of the Elephant and Tapir, whilst absolutely com- 
posed of the same homologous: elements, has quite a different ap- 
pearance when cut into, either transversely or laterally. In them 
there is a vast accession of prominently marked muscular slips, and 
glistening interlacing cross fibres intermingled with large blood- 
* Trans. Zool. Soe..vol. ii. p..58. 
