1870. ] ON EUROPEAN SHRIKES. 599 
feathers, which are almost entirely of the latter colour ; cheeks and 
entire under surface of the body white ; bill and feet pale yellowish 
horn-colour. 
This bird is easily distinguishable from other allied species, not 
only by its pale plumage, but more particularly by the light colour 
of the beak ; and hence its name. 
It was described by Mr. Cassin from a specimen in the Museum 
of the Philadelphia Academy, said to have been‘obtained in ‘‘ Eastern 
Africa.’ Our description is taken from a specimen in Mr. Sharpe’s 
collection from Nubia (Verreaux); and the bird is probably confined 
to the Abyssinian subregion. Heuglin says that it occurs in Southern 
Nubia, Senaar, Kordofan, on the Nile, and in the warmer portions of 
Abyssinia to the Red Sea. 
8. LANIUS MINOR. 
Adult. Above delicate French grey; wing-coverts black, the least 
ones mixed with grey ; quills black, the inner web pure white at the 
base ; the outer web of the primaries also white at the base, forming 
a broad white alar bar; the innermost secondaries narrowly tipped with 
the same colour ; the four centre tail-feathers entirely black, the next 
two white at the base and tip, black in the centre of the feather, 
the next two similar, but with less black, and the two outer ones on 
each are entirely white; a broad black band across the forehead, ex- 
tending backwards over the eye to the ear-coverts, which are aiso 
black ; entire under surface white, tinged on the breast and sides 
of the body with delicate pink ; bill and feet black. Total length 
8 inches, wing 4,5, tail 4, tarsus 5%. 
The above description is taken from an adult specimen in Lord 
Lilford’s collection. 
Lanius minor is generally distributed during the summer season 
throughout Central and Southern Europe, extending as far north as 
the Baltic provinces ; but in winter it migrates to Southern Africa, 
whence a great many specimens have been forwarded to England by 
the late Mr. C. J. Andersson, principally from Damara Land. To the 
eastward it extends into Siberia, having been recorded as occurring 
there by Pallas under the name of Lanius vigil. 
9, LANIUS EXCUBITORIUS. 
Lanius excubitoroides, Prevost et Des Murs, Lefebr. Voy. en 
Abyss. p. 99, t. viii. (1849), excubitorius in plate. 
Lanius excubitorius, Heugl. Orn. N.-O. Afr. p. 478. 
Collyrio ewcubitorius, Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 390 (1869). 
Lanius princeps, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 73 (1850). 
Lanius macrocercus, Defil. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 290. 
Lanius kiek, Vierth. Naum. 1852, pt. 2, p. 7; 1857, p. 103. 
Above pale French grey; scapulars black ; both upper and under 
wing-coverts black; quills black, the inner web pure white at the base, 
the outer web of the primaries also white at the base, thus forming 
a conspicuous alar bar; the innermost secondaries faintly tipped with 
