OcTOBEK I 



I9IOJ 



NATURE 



459 



to stop himself quickly enough to avoid falling into 

 the hole, but he had a strong emotional shock from 

 the experience. Miinsterberg persuaded him under 

 slight hypnosis to think himself once more in the 

 situation of his run for the car, but, as soon as he 

 reached the hole, to jump over it. He v^-ent through 

 this motor feature on ten successive days with in- 

 creasing energy, and from that time the trouble dis- 

 appeared. 



Both books make a very useful addition to the 

 libraries of people interested in the subjects with 

 which they deal. 



COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY. 

 Physical and Commercial Geography. Bv Profs. 



H. E. Gregory, A. G. Keller, and A. L. Bishop. 



Pp. viii + 469. (London : Ginn and Co., n.d.) Price 



125. 6d. 

 "T^HE aim of this work is stated to be "to infuse 

 ■*- orderliness and sequence into the chaotic data 

 and statistics of trade," and this the authors regard 

 as constituting "a new departure." 



The question whether their work constitutes a new 

 departure or not is, however, one of comparatively 

 small importance. We may at least admit that the 

 attempt to carry out this aim in their " own chosen 

 way " is new, and we may add that that way is a good 

 way, and, on the whole, admirably followed. We feel 

 sure that no student or teacher of commercial geography 

 could fail to profit greatly by the perusal of this work, 

 and, above all, of its more general sections. 



The work is divided into three parts, each of which, 

 we are told, belongs essentially to one of the three 

 authors, though they have a joint responsibility for 

 the outline and general character of treatment. The 

 first part is entitled "The Natural Environment," the 

 second "The Relation of Man to Natural Conditions," 

 and the third "The Geography of Trade." It is in 

 the first two sections that the aim of the work as 

 above indicated, the tracing of the influence in the 

 moulding of trade of what "might be called the 

 environmental (or geographical) factors," is kept most 

 consistently in view, and with the most satisfactory 

 results. 



The third part of the work is the most disappoint- 

 ing. Here the geographical point of view is much less 

 prominent. In it, the authors say, their treatment is 

 "Topical, a short monograph upon each preeminent 

 article of commerce occurring under the general 

 politico-geographical section which leads in the pro- 

 duction or use of the article in question." 



But in some of the most important cases little or no 

 attempt is made to show what, if any, geographical 

 inlluences have been at work to help in creating that 

 importance. Emphasis is laid on the remarkable lead 

 which Great Britain takes in the cotton industry and 

 in transmarine carriage ; but the question whether 

 geographical circumstances have had anything to do 

 with this in either case is not even raised. There is 

 very little comment on. the seats of manufacturing 

 industry in the United States. There is a reference to 

 water-power in certain cases, and coal, iron, and lime- 

 stone, as determining the localisation of the iron in- 

 NO. 2137, VOL. 84] 



dustries of Pittsburg and the Birmingham districts, 

 but little else. The reason for this apparently is the 

 attaching an exaggerated degree of importance to 

 sources of power as localising manufacturing indus- 

 tries, and overlooking the importance of the relation 

 to labour supply and the market. When the latter 

 relations are kept in view it may be shown that the 

 fact that so few important manufacturing towns in 

 the United States are situated on the coalfields is as 

 much due to geographical causes as the fact that in 

 England and Germany so many are. 



RESTORATIONS OF EXTINCT ANIMALS. 

 E.xtinct Monsters and Creatures of Other Days; a 

 Popular Account of Some of the Larger Forms of 

 .indent .Inimal Life. By the Rev. H. N. Hutchin- 

 son. New and enlarged edition. Pp. xxxiii + 32g. 

 (London : Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1910.) Price 

 10.S. 6d. net. 



SINCE the author of this volume was the first to 

 recognise that the larger extinct animals of 

 former ages presented a promising field for a popular 

 work showing what these creatures probably looked 

 like in life, he thoroughly deserved success in his 

 attempt to fill a gap in literature, and we have there- 

 fore great pleasure in congratulating him on the 

 appearance of a second edition. In the volume now 

 before us, Mr. Hutchinson has combined his original 

 two works in one, with some condensation of the old 

 matter, and with the addition of a large quantity of 

 new material, both in the shape of text and illustra- 

 tions, in order to bring it abreast of modern palaeon- 

 tology. Since 1892 and 1894, the respective dates of 

 publication of "Extinct Monsters" and "Creatures of 

 Other Days," vertebrate palaeontology has indeed made 

 vast strides, as is especially noticeable in the case of 

 the anomodont reptiles and the proboscideans, and the 

 author appears to have discharged the difficult task 

 of bringing the work up-to-date in a satisfactory and 

 interesting manner. From first to last the volume is 

 thoroughly readable, and it is to be hoped that it may 

 aid in dissipating the ignorance still so prevalent with 

 regard to the relative ages of the mammoth and the 

 iguanodon. 



In referring to the iguanodon as a smooth-skinned 

 reptile, and then giving a plate of it clad in crocodile- 

 like armour, the author appears tO' display inconsist- 

 ency ; and in the plate of Ceratosaurus the individuals 

 in the background are depicted with relatively larger 

 fore-limbs than the one in front. Reference might 

 also have been made to the evidence in favour of an 

 elephant-like pose of the bones afforded by the figure 

 of an undisturbed limb of Diplodocus ; and recent re- 

 searches indicate that the restoration of Stegosaurus 

 with a double row of plates is incorrect. A few im- 

 provements might also be suggested in the text, as, for 

 instance, on p. 169, where it is stated that the teeth 

 of Claostiurus resemble those of Hadrosaurus, without 

 any clue being given as to the nature of the latter. 

 Misprints and typographical inaccuracies are singu- 

 larly few, although we notice Jakutsh on plate xliii., 

 and Yakutsk in the first note on p. 276. The book is 

 thoroughly deserving of a large sale. R. L. 



