132 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA. [Feb. 6, 



ridian and the horizon ; she then rises, and once more feeds in the 

 rapidly fading twilight. 



She is fed on pulse and grass, but has a special liking for the thick 

 fleshy stems of the plantain and for the small branches of the 

 mango-tree, which she devours with evident pleasure, her powerful 

 jaws crushing with ease young twigs about an inch in diameter, each 

 closure of the living mill exhaling a fine aroma, in which she revels, 

 and which recalls to the bystander the gustatory fragrance, so to speak, 

 of that prince among fruits. Like her kith and kin she is very fond 

 of water, and has a special predilection for a muddy hollow close be- 

 side her, in which she wallows, delighting to bury her huge head in 

 the slimy ooze. 



She has a peculiar habit of squirting out her urine to a great dis- 

 tance, sending it out behind her nearly twenty feet, a habit which 

 may be the means by which the male is made aware of her presence 

 in the dense recesses of her native forests, where smell is probably the 

 sole guide by which the sexes become aware of each other's presence. 



Since writing the above, I have learned from my friend Lieut. 

 Bourne that a smooth-skinned Rhinoceros is said by the Cossyahs to 

 occur in their hills, two days' journey to the south of Charyolah. 

 These men know Rhinoceros sondaicus, so that it seems very proba- 

 ble that R. sumatrensis extends into the heart of the Cossyah hills. 



3. On Manouria and Scapia, two Genera of Land -Tortoises. 

 By John Anderson, M.D., Calcutta. 



[Received January 15, 1872.] 



I have all along been so much struck with the similarity of the 

 carapace and body of Manouria emys to those of the Land-Tortoise 

 of Arakan {Testudo phayrei), that the probability forcibly suggested 

 itself to me that the two supposed forms were one and the same. Of 

 the former Tortoise the Indian Museum of this city possessed two 

 nearly perfect shells and one thorax, the latter in no way distinguish- 

 able from the thoraces of the perfect shells. Of Testudo phayrei 

 the museum possessed two specimens — one Blyth's type, and the 

 other the deformed specimen which he has lately stated he gave to 

 Dr. Falconer for examination. All these specimens of Manouria 

 emys and of T. phayrei are characterized by a divided caudal ; and 

 their general form and all their plates, with the exception of the 

 pectorals, are so alike that, if I simply had had the carapaces to deal 

 with, I could not have separated them as distinct species. Turning, 

 however, to their sterna, three of them were referable to Manouria, 

 and two to Testudo. The three specimens of so-called Manouria 

 were from one locality in Cachar, and Blyth's T. phayrei was from 

 Arakan. The two sterna of the former, the thoraces of which 

 measure respectively 20f inches and 1 9f inches in length, varied in 

 the distances intervening between their pectoral plates. The largest 



