loka) 
i- 
NATO TE 
[Vov. 18, 1869 
remarks will be evident. I am not here expressing any 
opinion as to the rights or wrongs of many things at 
which workmen aim, and in which they engage. But 
totally irrespective of opinion, it is evident that there are 
many important questions the management and the de- 
cision of which are in the hands of the working men, anda 
right view of the respective importance of facts and of 
argument is the only safeguard against being misled. It 
is just at this very point that scientific teaching helps to 
set menright. I am not saying whether or not I believe that 
Science is to be the regenerator of mankind. But this 
is certain, that there is a great benefit to be gained from 
scientific teaching, that it supplies to working men that 
which as a class they are deficient, and that which as 
a class they are desirous of having; and that here there is 
open before all who care for these matters a wide field of 
direct and immediate utility. 
T have seen six hundred men, on a tempestuous winter 
evening, come to a lecture on Astronomy at one of our 
great workshops in the North. It is a wonderful sight 
to see so many faces intelligent and seeking for know- 
ledge. Working men are a peculiar audience: they are 
rather fond of cheering ; and I have often had to check a 
piece of applause arising just before the conclusion of a 
demonstration which was tying together, so to speak, in a 
knot, several threads of argument. Such applause, coming, 
as I have so often seen it, 7zst before the completion of an 
argument, indicates the satisfaction which all feel, and 
which these men are unsophisticated enough to express, 
when there just begins to dawn upon them the feeling of 
seeing, without being told, what some things have got to do 
with one another ; the feeling in fact of making a discovery. 
And I can fancy nothing more encouraging to a lecturer 
who loves his subject than such facts, and nothing which 
more bears out the assertion that I have made, that there 
is among working men a true desire for, and a true ap- 
preciation of, something genuine in science. Working men 
—at least those with whom I am acquainted, and I am 
acquainted chiefly with the northern districts of England— 
have a strong perception of right and wrong, a strong moral 
character, a clear and open,way of giving everything a fair 
hearing—that natural honesty which is the backbone of a 
nation. And if we add to this the powerful logic and the wide 
information which the true teaching of science imparts, 
we bid fair to make the democracy of England a model 
for that of all other countries. 
JAMES STUART 
DR. LIVINGSTONE’S EXPLORATIONS 
HE letters from Dr. Livingstone lately read at the 
Royal Geographicalj Society, give the grateful assu- 
rance, not only that he was in good health and spirits in 
July 1868, but also that he was under no apprehension of 
ill-treatment from the Cazembe. Visiting that chief 
without a numerous escort, he created no alarm. He has, 
in truth, notwithstanding seeming difficulties, been sin- 
gularly fortunate ; for his rumoured death and expected 
captivity have created a sensation of much greater value 
to him than the discovery of the Nile’s sources. Dr. 
Livingstone’s account of his journey northwards from the 
Aroangoa is in general reconcilable with those given by 
the Portuguese expeditions, with some difference, how- 
ever, arising from difference of route. He seems to have 
crossed that river much further to the west than Monteiro, 
whose line of march was ten or twelve miles more west 
than that of Lacerda. He saw mountains, he tells us, 
and the Portuguese saw none. Herein he is greatly 
mistaken: Monteiro’s expedition crossed over the flanks 
of a wondrous mountain, supposed to be a Portuguese 
league (about 20,000 feet) high, with trees, population, but 
no snow on its broad summit. The account of this 
mountain, called by mistake Muchingue (the glen or 
defile), given by a writer in the Journal of the Royal 
Geographical Society (vol. xxvi.), improves the original by 
a precise statement of longitude and latitude, and by a 
description of the panoramic view from the suminit to a 
distance of 200 miles. 
The high land which culminates towards the east in 
Muchingue was ascended on leaving the valley of the 
Aroangoa. The traveller then came in lat. 10° 34’ S., to 
the river Chambezi, called by Lacerda the New Zambezi, 
flowing from east to west, and rarely fordable. He re- 
marks that it resembles the Zambezi, not in name only, 
but also in the abundance of food found in the stream or 
on its banks. He forgets that the critic who denied his 
explanation of the name Zambezi (river par excellence), 
showed that in all its forms, Liambegi, Chambezi, Yabengi, 
&c., it means simply (river) “of meat” or animal food. 
The Chambezi abounds in oysters, but we know nothing 
of their flavour. This river, according to Dr. Living- 
stone, forms in the west the great Lake Bengweolo, from 
which it again issues to the north under the name of 
Luapula; but we believe it would be more correct to say 
that it joins the Luapula, a much larger river, the great 
marsh Pampage, which is, doubtless, often overflowed 
and converted into a lake, lying in the angle between the 
tio rivers, Then we are told—* The Luapula flows down 
north past the town of Cazembe, and twelve miles below 
it enters the Lake Moero.” From this it might be con- 
cluded that the river flows by the chief’s town, and that 
twelve miles lower down, or further north, it enters the 
lake, but this cannot possibly be the traveller’s meaning. 
Lake Moero forms a remarkable feature in Dr. Living- 
stone’s latest discoveries, but his account of it is singularly 
perplexed and obscure. We know that the Luapula flows 
to the north or N.N.E.,'someeight or ten miles west of the 
Cazembe. Lake Moero, by our travellers account, is 
fifty miles long, and from 30 to 60 miles wide. “ Passing 
down,” he says, “the eastern side of Moero, we came to 
the Cazembe ;” and again he states that “the Cazembe’s 
town stands on the north-east bank of the lakelet Mofwe, 
two or three miles broad and four long, totally uncon- 
nected with Lake Moero.” In endeavouring to reconcile 
these statements it is necessary to beware of rash conclu- 
sions and inaccurate expressions. It is a hazardous thing 
to pronounce upon the length, breadth, and boundaries of 
lakes without surveying them. The Portuguese officers 
in 1831 obtained leave to examine Lake Mofo or Mofwe, 
and for that purpose went four and a half leagues N.N.E. 
along its shore, till they came to the Lounde, a river, as 
they called it, two miles wide, where they expected to find 
boats. These, however, had been purposely removed, so 
that the explorers were brought to a stand. They had 
proceeded far enough, however, to perceive that the lake 
turned to the north-west. They did not see the end of it, 
