March 1'7, 1870] 
Teutonic-speaking people is therefore supported and intensified 
by the linguistic affinities between the Celtic and the Teutonic 
tongues ; and philology concurs with history in testifying to the 
ethnic unity of the Celtic-speaking people on the left bank of 
the Khine, with the Teutonic-speaking * people to the eastward. 
In their clothing, in their arms, in their houses, in their employ- 
ment of horses and wheeled carriages, no differences of moment 
obtain between the Celtic-speaking and the Teutonic-speaking 
people of old Europe ; nor in their fashion of government, their 
social organisation, their morality,’t or their theology, do there 
seem to be any greater differences than are readily accounted 
for by the fact that the Teutonic-speaking nations were more 
remote from the corrupting influences of wealth and civilisation. 
The Tonga islanders of Mariner’s time offered the same contrast 
to the Tahitians that the Germans of Tacitus do to the Gauls, 
but no one would dream, on that ground, of declaring them to 
be of different races. 
Hence, there can be no reasonable doubt, that the fair element 
of the Celtic-speaking population of these islands 1,900 years 
ago was simply the western fringe of that vast stock which can 
be traced to Central Asia, and the existence of which on the 
confines of China in ancient times is testified by Chinese anna- 
lists. Throughout the central parts of the immense area which 
it covers, the people of this stock speak Aryan languages— 
belonging, that is, to the same family as the old Persian or Zend, 
and the Sanskrit. And they remain still largely represented 
among the Affghans and the Siahposh on the frontiers of Persia 
on the one hand, and of Hindostan on the other, But the old 
Sanskrit literature proves that the Aryan population of India 
came in from the north-west, at least 3,000 years ago, And in 
the Vedas these people portray themselves in characters which 
might have fitted the Gauls, the Germans, or the Goths. _Unfor- 
tunately there is no evidence whether they were fair-haired or not. 
India was already peopled by a dark-complexioned people 
more like the Australians than anyone else, and speaking a group 
of languages called Drawidian, They were fenced in on the 
north by the barrier of the Himalayas ; but the Aryans poured 
from the plains of Central Asia over the Himalayas, into the 
great river basins of the Indus and the Ganges, where they have 
been, in the main, absorbed into the pre-existing population, 
leaving as evidence of their immigration an extensive modification 
of the physical characters of the population, a language, and a 
literature. 
Italy is to the Alps what Hindostan is to the Himalayas. The 
Po is its Ganges. Four centuries B.C. it was peopled mainly 
by the dark and short stock represented by Ligurians, Etruscans, 
and old Italians. The Gauls poured into it over the north- 
western passes, and settled in Cis-Alpine Gaul, modifying the 
physical characters and the language of the population, but 
becoming lost eventually in the great Roman nationality. And, 
doubtless, in more ancient times, the Aryan-speaking ances- 
tors of these Celtze and Belgz had similarly made their way 
through the Hercynian forest or along the shores of the 
North Sea, into Gaul, and thence into Britain. The corre- 
spondence of the names of places in Gaul and ancient Britain 
fully confirms Czesar’s statement that the Belgic Gauls had, at 
some comparatively recent time, colonised south-eastern Britain 
in great numbers. But the primitive colonisation of Britain from 
the mainland by the fair people is doubtless of extreme antiquity. 
I have now, I believe, accounted for the fair Celtic-speaking 
population of ancient Britain. There remains the problem, 
Why did Britain contain another Celtic-speaking population, of 
a totally different type? 
The key to this riddle is, I believe with Dr. Thumnam, De 
Belloguet, and others, afforded by history and philology. His- 
tory, which tells by the mouths of Czesar, Strabo, and Tacitus, 
that the Aquitani, who lived beyond the Garonne, were a small 
and dark people like the Iberians, who spoke a language diffe- 
rent from that of Gaul. Philology, which tells us that this lan- 
guage was the Euskarian, represented by the modern Basque, 
which is unlike every other European language, and which once 
covered a vastly greater area than it now occupies—the great 
majority of the people who once spoke it having acquired other 
languages. 
* [use this phrase without prejudice to the much-debated question, Did 
the Germans of Casar and Tacitus speak ‘* Deutsch” (not ‘ Dutch,’ Jace Mr. 
Freeman) or Celtic? and with the greatest respect for the champions of both 
** Keltenthum” and “‘ Deutschthum."’ It is enough for me if nobody doubts 
the ‘‘ Deutschheit” of the Goths and Alemanni. 
+ The grossest immorality with which the Gauls are charged may well 
enough have been imported by the Greeks of Massilia along with other pro- 
ducts of Greek civilisation, 
NATURE 
515 
Thus, once more, physical and philological ethnology pro- 
perly viewed, concur. The physically distinet stock turns out 
to be linguistically distinct—to have, fact, all the ethnological 
characters of a distinct race. 
In Spain, and within the boundaries of the old Aquitania, the 
Euskarian language lingers only among a fragment of the popu- 
lation, though the Spaniards and southern Frenchmen retain, to 
a great extent, the dark complexion and short stature of the 
Melanochroic stock, In Britain the same process of extinction 
seems to have been consummated as far back as the time of 
Tacitus. For from what has been said, it can hardly be doubted 
that the Silures and the dark type in general were the outliers of 
the continental Euskarian-speaking dark type, just as the British 
Belge, and the fair type in general, were the offshoots of the 
continental Celtic-speaking fair type. And just as in Westem 
and Middle Gaul, and in Spain, the Celtic-speaking fair people 
had, even in the time of Caesar, largely supplanted and absorbed 
the dark stock ; so, in Britain, it is to be supposed that it had 
altogether absorbed it, and that the dark stock had giyen up 
their Euskarian for the Celtic language. 
All these reasonings may be put into the form of a probable 
hypothesis, as follows:—The chain of the Alps, the densely 
wooded highlands of Central Europe known in old times as the 
Hercynian forest, and the broad Khine in its lower course, form 
a natural rampart between the vast central plains of Eurasia and 
Western and Southern Europe, Lefore England was peopled by 
the ancestors of its present population, the latter region, including 
the north shore of the Mediterranean, Spain, and Gaul (and 
perhaps the shores of the Baltic) were occupied by people of the 
dark type, who may, by possibility, have been the chief people of 
the so-called bronze age in those parts. These people occupied 
the British islands wholly or in part, and were, very probably, 
at first their sole occupants. And in Spain, France, and Britain 
they spoke Euskarian dialects, 
During this time the fair stock, with its Aryan languages, 
wandered over the great Eurasiatic plain to the east of the ram- 
part, from Poland to the frontiers of China, and from Siberia to 
those of Persia and India. But at length the fair people found their 
vast plains too narrow, or the luxuries beyond its natural barriers 
too tempting, and they began to overflow—as Celtic-speakers into 
Western Europe ; as Zendic and Sanskritic speakers into Persia 
and Hindostan. The Celtic-speaking fair people, passing into 
Gaul, partly extirpated and partly mixed with the pre-existing 
dark Euskarian-speaking population, imposing their language and 
habits on all the northern, middle, and eastern parts of Gaul, and 
extending widely into Spain. From Gaul they passed into Britain, 
and Celticised it still more completely ; so that, though much of 
the old blood of the dark stock remained, its language vanished. 
The Teutonic-speaking people were simply another wave ot 
the same great Aryan ocean of Central Eurasia. ‘They treated 
the Celtic-speakers exactly as the latter had treated the dark 
stock, and before another century has passed the Celtic language 
will probably be as much a thing of the past in these islands as 
the Kuskarian is. 
If this is a fair picture of the general course of events, it fur- 
nishes the explanation of the fact from which we started, 
namely, the presence in the British Islands of two distinct 
ethnical elements—a fair and a dark. T. H. HUXLEY 
ASTRONOMY 
Ephemeris of the Satellites of Uranus 
By A. Martu, Esq, 
Angles of Position at 8" Greenwich Mean Time 
1870 1870 
Ariel. Umbriel. Titania, Oberon. Ariel. Umbriel. Titania. Cberon, 
Mar. 3 3 Mar. 2 ° 2 S 
17 250 243 277 159 29 34° 283 144 192 
18 Ii4 162 22 135 30 1gt 193 100 199 
19 330 7% 189 100 31 47 115 sr 140 
20 ISI 347. 154 75 April 
2r 35 257 lig 44 I 271 19 It 120 
22 256 172 65 18 2 132 302 336 go 
23 120 56 22 355 3 345 205 297 53 
24 335 357 346 333 4 190 128 249 29 
25 186 274 310 308 5 53 3r 204 5 
26 41 182 263 278 6 273 314 169 343 
27 204 Ior 216 240 7 137 217 132 320 
23 126 8 179 216 8 350 14 86 293 
The Apparent Distances vary between the Limits. 
Ariel 15" and ra’ 
Umbriel a1” oe 16" 
Titania 350 aa 27" 
Oberon 40" aa 36" 
