March 31, 1870] 
deep, covered in by brick arches, the floor being paved 
with stone. Attached to each is an outlet fitted with pen- 
stocks, &c. The Abbey Mills pumping station is a work 
of such magnitude and importance that but a scanty idea 
can be given of it here: suffice it to say, that there are 
eight engines employed, of a gross power of 1,140 horse- 
power, which work sixteen double-acting pumps of 3ft. 
rosin. diameter and 43ft. stroke. The engines are sup- 
plied by sixteen boilers, each being 8ft. diameter and 
3oft. long. The engine and boilers, coal stores, &c., are 
enclosed in a fine block of buildings beautifully decorated. 
The Southern High Level, or Effra Branch Sewer, com- 
mences at Dulwich, and flows ina south-easterly direction 
to a junction with the Middle Level or High Level main 
line at New Cross. It is 44 miles in length, } mile of 
which is in tunnel. It varies in size from 7ft. diameter to 
a form similar to one of the culverts in Fig. 2, only the 
dimensions are toft. 6in. by roft. 6in. 
The Southern Middle Level, or High Level main line, 
commences at Clapham, and flows under Deptford Creek 
to the Outfall Sewer. It, together with the High Level, 
drains an area of about 20 square miles. It is carried 
under Deptford Creek by four 3ft. Gin. diameter iron pipes. 
Overflows for storm waters are provided, which discharge 
into the Creek, if necessary. 
The Low Level Sewer South commences at Putney, 
and flows to Deptford pumping station, where its contents 
are pumped up a height of 18 feet, by four engines 
125 horse-power each, into the Outfall Sewer. Its length 
is about 10 miles, and it drains an area of about 20 square 
miles, the greater portion of which is considerably below 
high-water mark. It varies in size from one culvert 4 ft. 
in diameter, to two, each 7ft. by 7{t. The soil in which it 
was executed was exceedingly treacherous in places, being 
greatly charged with water : in one case sufficient engine- 
power had to be employed to pump ten million gallons 
per day, in order to keep the works clear of water. The 
Bermondsey branch of this sewer is two miles in length, 
and from 5ft. to 5ft. 6in. diameter. 
Level at High Street, Deptford. 
The Southern Outfall Sewer, which receives the con- 
tents of the High, Middle, and Low Level sewers, flows 
It joins the Low 
from Deptford to the reservoirs at Crossness. Unlike the 
Northern Outfall, it is underground for its entire length. 
It is rift. 6in. diameter, and 77 miles in length. One 
mile of it was constructed in tunnel under the town of 
Woolwich. The outfall of this sewer is of sucha level 
as to allow of the sewage being discharged at low water, 
but it will be pumped into the reservoirs, and there 
stored till high water. 
NATURE 
561 
The Crossness pumping station reservoirs are situated 
on the northern side of Erith Marshes at the point marked 
P onthe map. They extend over 6} acres. The reser- 
voirs are similar to those at Barking, There are four 
beam engines employed of 125 horse-power each, which 
drive eight pumps, each pump having four compound 
plungers. The engines are supplied by twelve Cornish 
boilers 3oft. long and 8ft. diameter. The ordinary 
amount of sewage to be lifted is about 60,000 gallons per 
minute, the lift varying from toft. to 30ft., which 
necessitated a peculiar construction in the pumps. The 
sewage is delivered from the pumps into the reservoirs 
till high water, when it is discharged into the river. The 
foundations for the reservoirs, &c., had to be sunk 
25ft. below the surface, as the ground consists of peat 
and sand. On the top of the reservoirs are built the 
manager's, schoolmaster’s, and labourers’ cottages, coal 
stores, school, and workshops, the centre space being laid 
out as ornamental gardens, the whole forming quite a 
village of some hundred inhabitants. 
NOTES 
THE last number of the Proceedings of the Royal Society con- 
tains the names of the 53 candidates, from among whom, 15 will 
be selected by the council for election into the society. The 
list is a varied one, and there is as usual a large number of 
medical candidates—21 ; Art and Literature being also repre- 
sented. Here is the list :— William Baker, C.E., E. M. Barry, 
R. A., Rey. Francis Bashforth, B,D., B. E. Brodhurst, F.R.C.S., 
Samuel Brown, P.I.A., James Brunlees, C.E., F. T. Buckland, 
M.R.C.S., G.W. Callender, F. R.C.S.,CommanderW. Chimmo, 
R.N., F. Le G. Clark, F.R.C.S., Henry Dircks, Alex. Fleming, 
M.D., P. Le Neve Foster, Sir Charle Fox, C.E., William 
Froude, T. M. Goodeve, E. H. Greenhow, M.D., I. T. Hig- 
gins, M.R.C.S., Rev. Thomas Hincks, Charles Horne, Rev. 
A. Hume, LL.D., James Jago, M.D., W.S. Jevons, George 
Johnson, M.D., M. K. King, M.D., J. A. Langridge, C.E., 
N.S. Maskelyne, M. T. Masters, M.D., Major F. G. Mont- 
gomerie, R.E., Alfred Newton, Andrew Noble, Thomas Nun- 
nely, F.R.C.S., E. L. Ormerod, M.D., Captain Sherard 
Osborn, R.N., Rev. Stephen Parkinson, B.D., Captain R. M. 
Parsons, R.E., W. O. Priestly, M.D., C.B. Radcliffe, M.D., W. 
H. Ransom, M.D., E. J. Reed, C.B., W. J. Russell, Ph.D., R. 
H. Scott, John Shortt, M.D., Edward Thomas, C, F. Varley, 
C.E., G. F. Verdon, C.B., Augustus Voelcker, Ph. D., Viscount 
Walden, P.Z.S., G..C. Wallich, M.D., A. T. H. Waters, M.D., 
Samuel Wilks, M.D., Captain C. W. Wilson, R.E., and John 
Wood, F.R.C,S. 
THE Pall Mali Gazette has very properly called public atten- 
tion to Lord Kinnaird’s imputation of dishonesty brought against 
the late Master of the Mint, the lamented Graham, ‘The good 
old rule, de mortuis nil nisi bonum, is one with which Lord Kin- 
naird does not seem to be acquainted ; it is charitable, indeed, to 
suppose that he sinned in ignorance. He probably also does 
not know that Graham was a far greater man than he, and that 
Graham’s name will live long after Lord Kinnaird’s has been 
‘forgotten. 
ON Saturday the members of Working Men’s Clubs visited the 
British Museum, under the guidance of Professor Owen and Mr. 
Henry Woodward. Professor Owen explained the nature of the 
extinct animals. The next visit will be made to the National 
Gallery, under the guidance of Mr. Francis Turner Palgrave. 
THE examinations for the gold and bronze medals offered as 
prizes for proficiency in Physical and Political Geography, by 
the Royal Geographical Society, were held on Monday last, 
28th inst. Forty-one schools had been invited to compete, out 
of which number nineteen accepted, sending a total of fifty-nine 
