Jan. 24, 1884] 



NATURE 



Semite ; 



NUBAJ < 



Main Division'; 



Tibbu : Paele ; Zoghawa ; Wanyanga 

 Bishari \ Hadendoa ; Hallenga ; Ababdeh ; 



(Bcja) ] Beni-Amer 

 Danakil : Adaiel ; Dahimela, &c. 



Saho ; Bogos ; Habab 



Somali : Idar ; Isa ; Mijarten, &c. 



,,-s , \ Yeiu : WoUo ; Mecha, &c. 

 (Urma) j 



Kababish ; Sheygieb ; Robabat, kz. 



N. and N.W. Darfur 

 Between Red Sea and Nile, 



i5°-25° N. 

 Between Abyssinia and the 



coast, io°-l5° N. 

 Massowah district 

 Gulf of Aden Coast 



E. and S. of Gojam 



Homran ; Rekhabin ; Alawin 

 "I Homran ; Hamr, El-Homr ; Ha- 



banieh, &c. 

 I Ziaieh ; Babemid 



; Dembela ; Lasta 



,,. ... fTigre : I 



^^""-'"'"'''tHarraH 



, . J, J-Kenus; Mahasi ; Dongolawi 

 (mixed) J ' " 



True Nuba -f '^^''^° ' ^""'^" ' '^"'^J' 

 J rue ^«»«-^ jebel Nuba ; Tumali 



J^ur: Fur; Konjara ; Fongoro, &c. 



/ Takruri 

 Sub-Nnbii { \ Barea ; Base (Kunama) 



Funj ; Hamagh 



Sudanese: Birkit ; Masalit; AbuSarib, &c. 



(Shilluk ; Dinka ; Nuer 

 Fallaugh; Kumkung; Ninak, &c. 

 Krej ; Bongo (Dor); Mittu (Moro) 



I Bari ; Madi ; Lur ; Latulca 



Waganda ; Wanyoro ; Wasoga ; Wagamba 



293 



Hamite is here equivalent to the Kushite of 

 some writers ; but is taken in a wider sense, 

 answering to the African Division of the 

 Mediterranean or Caucasic anthropological 

 type of mankind. For the removal of the 

 Tibl)u from the Negro to this connection, 

 see Nature, IMarch i, 1883 ("North 

 African Ethnology "). Most of these are 

 zealous Muhammadans. 



W. from Nile between The ./Jrni .?««//« are recent intruders, mainly 



Dongola and Khartum 

 Senaar 



Kordofan and Darfur 



N. Darfur 



N. and E. Abyssinia 



E. from Shea 



Nile Valley from Egypt to 

 Old Dongola 



Kordofan 



Darfur 



Gallibat 



Taka (Mareb Valley) 



Senaar 



Darfur 



White Nile and B. el Arab 



Sobat basin 



About W. tributaries White 



Nile 

 B. el Jebel, N. of Lake 



Albert Nyanza 



Extreme S. frontier, N. 

 side Lake Victoria Nyanza 



via Isthmus of Suez and Egypt ; the I/tm- 

 yaritis are intruders from prehistoric times 

 from South Arabia viA Strait of Bab-el- 

 Mandeb. The former are all fierce Mu- 

 hammadans, the latter mostly monophysite 

 Christians. 



The Nubas hold an intermediate positio'i 

 between the Negro and Hamite ; but the 

 speech is distinctly Negro, and has no con- 

 nection with the Fulah of West Sudan, as 

 has been supposed by Fr. Miiller and 

 others. The Kordofan Nubas represent 

 the original stock .ind are mainly pagans ; 

 those of the Nile are Negroid and a his- 

 torical people. Christians from the sixth to 

 the f jurteenth century, since then Muham- 

 madans of a mild type. They represent 

 the Uaua of the Old Egyptian records, the 

 Nuba of Strabo, and the Nubatcs of later 

 times. 



Most of the^e Negroes have been reduced in 

 recent years, and are still virtually pagans. 

 Some, such as the Mittu, Krej, and Bongo, 

 are of a red-brown rather than a black 

 complexion, but the type is Negro, although 

 the speech of all except the 1 'inka shows 

 grammatical gender. They are very brave 

 and fierce, but easily controlled by firmness 

 and kindness. 



The Bantus have not been reduced, although 

 included in the Moudirie de I'Equateur of 

 Messedaglia's official " Carte du Sudan" 

 (Khartum, 1883). 



east and the Libyan desert on the west. It is thus prac- 

 tically useless for navigation, and the communications 

 with the upper provinces have to be maintained by diffi- 

 cult caravan routes subtended like arcs to the curves of 

 the stream, or radiating from Berber near the Atbara 

 confluence to Suakin on the Red Sea. But south of these 

 drear)- solitudes the Atbara basin itself, comprising parts 

 of the Berber and Taka provinces, is a inagnificent sub- 

 tropical land, the flower of the Khedive's possessions, 

 diversified with a varied succession of dense woodlands, 

 rich pastures, and well-watered arable tracts. Hence the 

 route traversing this region from the Nile, through Kas- 

 sala to the Red Sea at Massowah, although much longer, 

 ■will be found far more practicable than the more northern 

 highway to Suakin. Like the land itself, the inhabitants 

 of this division present a great diversity of type, the 

 narrow valley of the Nile being occupied by Nubas from 

 the Egyptian frontier to the Old Dongola, and thence on 

 the left bank by Kababish Arabs to Khartum, while the 

 whole region between the Nile and Red Sea, and from 

 Egypt southwards to Abyssinia, is the almost exclusive 

 domain of the great Hamitic Bishari nation. Along the 

 northern frontier of Abyssinia these come in contact at 

 various points with Arab, Amhara, and Tigr^ peoples, 

 and in one instance even with an isolated Negroid or 



Nuba tribe, the Bas^ (Kunama) of the Khor-el-Gash 

 (Mareb) Valley. 



The fourth division of Harrar, with its three provinces 

 of Zeyla, Berbera, and Harrar stretching along the 

 northern verge of Somaliland eastwards to Cape Gardafui, 

 is practically separated from the rest of Egyptian Sudan 

 by the intervening "Empire" of Abyssinia, and will be 

 totally severed whenever that state resumes possession of 

 its natural outport of Massowah. It is mainly an arid 

 strip of coastlands fringing the Red Sea and Gulf of 

 Aden, and inclosing the recently-founded Italian and 

 French settlements on Assab Bay and at Obokh on the 

 Gulf of Tajurrah. With the exception of the small 

 Amharic inclave at Harrar, the whole of this division is 

 inhabited by peoples of Hamitic stock and speech — Saho 

 and Danakil, between the Red Sea and Abyssinia, Idur, 

 and other Somali tribes along the Gulf of Aden. 



Egyptian Sudan thus stretches north and south across 

 nearly twenty-four degrees of latitude from Egypt to the 

 equator, or about 1650 miles, and west and east across 

 twenty-two degrees of longitude from Wadai to the Red 

 Sea at Massowah, or from 1200 to 1400, Within these 

 limits it has a total area of at least 2,500,000 square miles, 

 with a population that cannot be estimated at less than 

 12,000,000. Of these probably three-fourths are of pure 



