1862. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 45 
tioned them, and probably arrived at a different conclusion ; but 
having found that some authors before him distinguished the species 
by the coloration as the chief character, and having satisfied him- 
self that there is a great difference in this respect between the two 
sexes in the Loch-Grannoch fish, he did not make any further di- 
stinction between the other differences he was aware of, between ac- 
cidental differences of individuals, between those of the two sexes, 
and, finally, between those of the fishes from various localities, but, 
considering all of them as equivalent, he was lost in a maze, out of 
which there was no other escape than to cut the Gordian knot by 
declaring those fishes as varieties of one and the same species. 
We will not enter into a fruitless investigation as to the possibility 
of the differences which we observe in those fishes being induced 
by those physical peculiarities of the localities indicated by Mr. 
Thompson, We will take and examine them as they are, and as 
they will be, as long as zoologists of the present species of man exist, 
provided that human interference does not put a premature termi- 
nation to the whole tribe. We find, then, that there are other con- 
stant differences in the Charrs from various localities, besides those 
of individuals, age, or sex—which, derived from different parts, form 
an assemblage of characters affording easy specific distinctions*. 
If the difference were confined to a single character, to a slight mo- 
dification of one organ only, I should not consider it sufficient to 
establish a separate species on it ; if the difference consisted merely 
in the presence or absence of white margins of some of the fins, or 
if the fishes of one locality had only one fin-ray more, or one of the 
fins rather more elongate, than their representatives in another locality, 
one might call this a local variety. But if such a character is found 
always combined with a second, or with more, so that from the one 
an inference may be drawn as to the presence of the other, we are 
certainly obliged to make a specific distinction. 
Thus, although we cannot agree with Mr. Thompson that the 
Windermere, the Welsh, and the Lough-Melvin Charrs are identical, 
we nevertheless consider his paper as highly important to our 
knowledge of the geographical distribution of the Charrs in Great 
Britain. 
1. A Charr is found in Loch Grannoch, Kirkeudbrightshire, 
which makes its appearance only during ten days, never before 
about the 13th of October}. The sexes are distinct from each other 
* Haller, in ‘ Correspondence of Linnezus;’ ed. by Sir J. E. Smith, ii. p. 267. 
t Objections have been made to my occasionally calling the Charr “in season 
during some of the winter months.” The different species of Charrs appear to 
be “in season” at very different parts of the year—the freshwater Herring in 
November, the Torgoch towards the end of the year, the Charr of Windermere 
in May and August. Considering that those fishes are nearly secure from the per- 
secutions of man during the rest of the year, they ought to be allowed to be taken 
when, once a year, they approach the shores in large shoals to spawn, at least in 
those localities where such a control might be kept over their capture that all 
danger of their becoming scarce would be avoided. Carnivorous fishes inhabit- 
ing a certain confined locality, like the Charrs, increase in number only to a cer- 
' tain degree; when their food becomes scarcer, they feed on their own progeny. 
