134 DR. E, CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER [April 8, 
stance, so that often on removing the gall-bladder a portion of the 
liver adheres to it. In birds there is seldom a depression in the liver 
for its reception ; but in the Chelonian reptiles it is for the most part 
deeply imbedded in the hepatic substance; and the same remark 
will apply to many of the Saurians, although I have not found it so 
deeply placed as in the Chelonians. In the Ophidians it is mostly far 
removed from the liver, and in contact with the spleen and pancreas. 
Thus, in a Python (P. molurus), 10 feet long, I found it 18 inches 
from the liver; and this will be about the proportionate distance, 
taking the length of the reptile into account, in most of the true 
serpents. In the family of Orvets (Anguwis), only three species of 
which I have examined, the gall-bladder was close to the liver; and 
the same description will apply to the Batrachians, many foreign 
species of which, besides the British, I have inspected. In the 
British bony fishes which I have dissected, the gall-bladder has been 
in contact with the liver; but my list includes only about forty spe- 
cies. In the Tunny (Zhynnus vulgaris) 1 found the body of this 
viscus united to the liver by a long, narrow, spiral neck; it was 
14 inches in length, and about 3 of an inch in diameter. 
The Form and Capacity of the Gall-bladder.—In Man it is of a 
pyramidal form, and holds from one ounce to two ounces of bile. In 
many of the Quadrumana its form has not so great a resemblance to 
that of the human species as in some of the lower Mammals; thus, 
in six Anthropoid Apes that I have examined (three Ourangs and 
three Chimpanzees) the gall-bladder was of a twisted irregular shape, 
—a fact of importance now that some zoologists are giving these 
brutes, as I believe, an undue. elevation in the vertebrate scale. 
Among the Monkeys even of the same species I have found much 
deviation of form in the gall-bladder: thus, in a Capuchin it was 
triangular, with three mamillary projections at the base, and in 
others nearly cylindrical. The capacity of this organ in the Qua- 
drumana varies from one to six drachms, according to the size of 
the animal; probably in the old Anthropoid Apes it would be propor- 
tionately more capacious than in Man, as is the case with the smaller 
Monkeys, all of which consume relatively a larger quantity of food. 
In the Lemurs (Lemuride), five species of which I have inspected, 
the gall-bladder was of a pyramidal shape, and its capacity rather 
_ large. a! 
In the Bats (Cheiroptera), my notes afford no information upon 
the subject worthy of record. =~ 
The Insectivora, as far as I have examined them, have a large 
gall-bladder. j 
In the Bears (six species of which I have inspected) it is generally 
large and pear-shaped. -In‘the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) I found 
it more irregular in form. “In the Racoon (U. lotor), Coatimondi (U. 
nasua), Kinkajou (U.caudivolvulus), Wolverine (U. gulo), Badger(U. 
meles\, Ratel (U. mellivorus), and Tayra (Mustela barbara), it is 
large and pyramidal ; and the same remark will apply to the Weasels, 
Otters, Dogs, Hyenas, and Civets. In the Cats it is often of a 
somewhat irregular spiral form; this is the case in the Lion and in 
