136 DR. E. CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER [ April 8, 
are furnished with a gall-bladder ; but we now come to a division 
(the Pachydermata) in which this organ is generally absent. I have 
found it in the Wart Hog (Phacocherus ethiopicus), in Ailian’s Wart- 
Hog (P. @liani), in the Red River-Hog (Potamocherus africanus), 
in the Javan Wild Hog (Sus vittatus) ; but in the Wild Boar of Europe 
(S. scrofa), and in the Indian Hog (S. indicus) I omitted to note its 
presence. In the above-named animals it is long and rather capacious, 
containing from one and a half to two and a half ounces of bile. 
It was absent in two Tapirs (Tapirus americanus), in the White- 
lipped Peccary (Dicotyles labiatus), and in the Collared Peccary 
(D. torquatus), in two Asiatic Elephants (Hlephas indicus), in the 
Hyrax (Hyrax capensis) (two specimens), in the Horse (Equus ca- 
ballus), in the Ass (Z. asinus), and in the Zebra (2. zebra). I have 
not examined the Hippopotamus or the Rhinoceros ; but it is said to 
be absent in both; so that, with the exception of the Pigs (Suwide), 
none of the Pachyderms have a gall-bladder. 
Ruminantia. This is one of the most interesting divisions as re- 
gards the physiology of the gall-bladder. It has been always stated 
that the solid-horned Ruminants have no gall-bladder, and that in the 
hollow-horned it is present—an assertion that, like too many others 
in zoology, has been made without sufficient evidence. 
In one of the most recent articles on the Ruminantia that I am 
acquainted with, by Dr. Cobbold (Todd’s ‘ Cyclopedia of Anatomy 
and Physiology,’ 1859), this author, in reference to the gall-bladder 
says, “This family (the Camelide), in common with the Cervide 
proper, is further distinguished by the absence of a gall-bladder, 
whereas the hollow-horned Ruminants invariably possess this struc- 
ture.” In speaking of the double gall-bladder of the Giraffe, described 
by Professor Owen, Dr. Cobbold thinks it a circumstance serving to 
illustrate a feeble alliance with the Antilopide on the one hand, and 
a nearer approach to the Cervide and Camelide on the other. 
In my dissections of the Ruminants I have sometimes omitted to 
sketch the gall-bladder, or to name it in my notes; but the sub- 
joined list of animals, I think, is sufficiently extensive to show that this 
supposed law is not always to be depended upon. 
I found that it was absent in the Alpaca (Lama pacos), Lamas 2 
(L. glama), Guanacos 2 (L. huanaca), Virginian Deer 2 (Cervus vir- 
ginianus), Reindeer 4 (C. tarandus), Sambur Deer 2 (C. hippela- 
phus), Malacca Deer (C. malaccensis), Rocky-Mountain Deer (C. 
?), Hog Deer 3 (C. porcinus), Brocket (C. auritus), Indian 
Deer 3 (C. indicus), Mexican Deer (C. meaicanus), and Elk (C. alces). 
In the Wapiti Deer (C. canadensis), Persian Deer (C. wallichit), 
Barbary Deer (C. barbarus), and Barasinga Deer (C. duvaucellit), I 
did not look for it. 
I found it in the Musk Deer (M. moschiferus), Axis Deer 3 (C. 
avis), Brocket (C. superciliaris) (but absent in one specimen), Leu- 
coryx 3 (Antilope leucoryx), Eland (A. oreas), Harte Beeste (4. 
caama), Isabelline Antelope (A. isabellina), Striped Antelope (4. 
scripta), Dorcas Gazelle (A. dorcas), Indian Gazelle (A. bezoarctica), 
Bennett's Gazelle (A. bennettii), Gazella vera, Spring Boc (Antilope 
