1862. ] AND BILE OF THE VERTEBRATA. 137 
euchore), Nylgau (Portaz pictus) 2, also in the Mufflon (Ovis musi- 
mon) and Cape Sheep (O. capensis). 
It was absent in three Giraffes (Camelopardalis giraffa) that I 
have examined, as well as in the following :—Duiker Boc (Antilope 
mergens), Bonte-boe (4. pygarga), Addax (A. addax), Bubaline 
Antelope (A. bubalis), Philantomba Antelope (4. maxwellii), Grys- 
boc (A. melanotis), Reh-boc (4. capreola), and Angora Goat (Capra 
angorensis); but, speaking from memory, I believe I have seen it in 
other specimens of the Goat. 
[The figures after the names indicate the number dissected. ] 
The form of the gall-bladder of the Ruminants is generally some- 
what pear-shaped ; but the circumference of the neck is nearly equal 
to that of the fundus. It is generally of large proportionate size : 
that (of the Ox) on the table holds eleven ounces. In an old Leucoryx 
Antelope I found it nearly as capacious ; but in two younger speci- 
mens the gall-bladders were much less. The capacity in the smaller 
Ruminants varies from six drachms to three ounces. The Ox, I be- 
lieve, has the largest gall-bladder of any terrestrial animal—a fact of 
considerable interest when it is remembered that a vast number of 
Ruminants the food and digestive apparatus of which are of a very 
similar description are unprovided with this reservoir. 
Birds. In the great majority of birds that I have dissected, the 
form is very similar: it is mostly ovoid; in some oblong; and ina 
few, as in the Cassowary (Caswarius galeatus), Cormorant (Pelecanus 
carbo), and Guan (Penelope pileata), nearly cylindrical. In the 
Double-wattled Cassowary (Casuarius bicarunculatus) it resembles 
more the gall-bladder of a mammal than that of any bird I have seen. 
The capacity is very uniform, and generally bears a near relation to 
that of the bird. As with quadrupeds, there appears to be no import- 
ant difference between the animal and vegetable feeders, or in those 
that take a mixed diet. Its capacity is from three to four drachms 
in the Cranes and Storks, in the Cassowary about six drachms, in the 
Vultures and Eagles from two to three drachms, in the Great Bustard 
( Otis tarda) four drachms, in the Brush Turkey (Talegalla lathami) 
three drachus. 
As is well known, the Pigeons, Parrots, Mackaws, Parrakeets, Lories, 
Toucans, Toracos, and some other birds are said to be without a gall- 
bladder. I have dissected many of the above-named ; but, as I took 
it for granted that this organ did not exist, I was not so careful in 
the inspections as I should have been. Cuvier says it does not exist 
in the Cuckoos (Cuculide); but I have found it both in the Spotted 
Cuckoo of Europe (Cuculus glandarius) and in the Java Cuckoo 
(C. orientalis). In the Ostrich (Struthio camelus) and in the Rhea 
(Rhea americana) I examined, it was absent, but present (as I have 
stated) in both species of Cassowary. The Emu I have not dissected, 
Reptiles. In the Chelonian Reptiles the gall-bladder is very large, 
In some of the large Turtles it will contain from two to three ounces 
of fluid. In the Saurians it is likewise capacious. Ina large Alli- 
gator, weighing about two hundredweight, its capacity was about 
four ounces; but in many Alligators and Crocodiles that I have in- 
