■^yg. 2 2, 1872J 



NA TURE 



545 



at each of these rost-oflfices, ard, by prepayment, any map rot 

 kept in stock might be ordered at any one of them, and leceived 

 in the ordinary course of the post. This is no large underlakinLr 

 thot I have proposed. The price of a quailer-shect in i's present 

 form, which is more costly than what I ask for, is only sixpence ; 

 therefore the single complete set of nine sheets for each ofiicc 

 has a ^alue of not more tlian four shillings and sixpence, 

 and for all the seven hundred Head Po'-t-cfhces, of not more 

 than 160/. 



I believe that these simple reforms would be an immense 

 public boon, by enabling any one to buy a beautiful and accurate 

 pockct-mnp of the district in which 1 e resides, for only sixpence, 

 and without any trouble. They would certainly increase the 

 sale of Govcrnniert maps to a great extent, and they would cause 

 the sympathies of the ]ieopIe and of their representatives in 

 P.irlianunt to be enlisted on the side of the .Survey, and they 

 probably be imitated by Continental nations. 



It has often been objected to any attempt to increase the s.i'.e 

 of Government maps, that the State ought not to interfere with 

 private enter]irise. I confess myself unable to see the applica- 

 iidiiy of that saying. It would be an argument against making 

 (Jidnance maps at all ; but the nation has deliberately chosen to 

 undcrt.Tkc that work, on the ground that no private en' erprise 

 could accomplish it satisfactorily ; and, having done so, I cannot 

 understand why it should restrict the sale of its own work in 

 order to give a fictitious prttecti'in to certain individuals, against 

 the interests of the public. It seems to me to be a backward 

 step in political ecoui-my, and one that has resulted in our getting, 

 not the beautiful ni.ips for which \\e, as taxpayers, have paid, 

 but ci pies or reductions of ihem, not cheaper than the original, 

 and of very inferior workmanship and accuracy. 



So much for the first of the two projects which I propose to 

 bring before the consideration of the committee of this section. 

 It isconvmient that I should preface my second one with a few 

 leniaiks <.n colour-printing, its beiring on the so-called "bird's- 

 eye views,'' and on its recent application to cartography. Colour- 

 printing i^ an art which has made great advances in recent years, 

 as may be seen hy the specimens struck ofT in the presence of 

 visitors 10 the present International E.\hihition. One of these 

 rrcei\es no less than twenty-four consecutive impressions, each of 

 a different colour from a different stone. This facility of multi- 

 plying coloured drawing will probably lead to a closer union 

 than heretofore between geography and art. There is no reason 

 now why "bird's-eye views" ot large tracts of country should not 

 le dcl'citily drawn, accur.itely coloured, and cheaply produced. 

 We all know what a geographical revelation is contained in a 

 clear view from a mountain top, and we also know that there 

 was an immense demand for the curiously coarse bird's-e)e views 

 ■which were published during recent wars, because even such as 

 tl ey are capable ot furnishing a more pictorial idea of the geo- 

 graphy of a country than any map. It is therefore to be hoped 

 th,ai ih.e ait of designing the so-called "bird's-eye views" m.ay 

 become studied, and that real artists should engage in it. Such 

 views of the enviionsof London would form very interesting, and 

 it might be, very artistic pictures. 



The advance of colour printing has already influenced carto- 

 graphy in foreign c.unlries, r.nd it is right that it should do so, 

 lor a black and -white map is but a symbol — it can never bo a 

 representation — of the many-coloured aspects of Nature. The 

 Gi verr.mcnts of Belgium, Kussia, Austria, and many other 

 countries, have already issued coloured mips ; but none have 

 made (unhtr advance than the Dutch, -whose maps of Java aie 

 printed w ith apparently more than ten dilTerent colours, and. suc- 

 ceed in giving a vivid idea of the state of cultivation in that country. 



I ni w heg todiiect your attention to the following point ; — 

 II is lound ih.-it the practice of printing maps in more than one 

 eoloiir las an incidental advantage of a most welcome kind, 

 namely, that it admits of easy revision, even of the mostbeauti- 

 fuUv executed maps, for the following reason. The hill-vn ik 

 in whicl' the delicacy of execution lies, is drawn on a separate 

 plate, 1 avii'g perhaps been photographically reduced ; this las 

 never to be touched, because the hills are permanent. But it is 

 in the pla'e which contains nothing else but the road-work where 

 the coriections have to be made, and ihatisavery simple matter. 

 I underst:nd that the Ordnance .Survey Office has favourab y 

 considered t) e propriety of priming at some future fime an 

 edit inn of the one-inch inajis on this ) rineiple, and at lea t in 

 two colour^ — the one for the hills iud the other for the roads. 



This biing stated, I -will now proceed to mention my second 

 proposal 



Recollecting what I have urged about the feasibilily of largely 

 increasing the accessibility and the sale of Government maps, by 

 I ubli^hing them in a pocket form and selling them at the Head 

 rost-ofhc-s, it seems to me a reasonable question for the com- 

 mittee of this section to consider whether Government might net 

 lie memoralised to consider the propriety of undeitaking a reduced 

 ordnance map of the country, to serve as an accurate route-map 

 and to fulfil the demand to which the coarse country maps, which 

 are so largely sold, are a sufficient testimony. The scale of the 

 reduced Ciovernment map of France corresponds to what I have 

 in view ; it is one of five miles to an inch, within a trifle {sTtJiiTnT 

 of Nature), which is just large enough to show every lane ana 

 footpath. Of course it would be a somewhat costly undertaking 

 to make such a map, but much less so than it inight, at first sight, 

 appear. Its area would be only twenty-fifth that of the ordinary 

 ordnance map, and the hill-work of the latter might perhaps be 

 photographically reduced and rendered available at once. The 

 desiratiility of maps such as tlicse, accurately executed and 

 periodically revised, is undoubted, while it seems impossible that 

 private enterprise should supply them except at a prohibitive 

 cost, because piiv.-ite publishers are necessarily saddled with the 

 cost of re-obtaining much of what the Ordnance Survey Office 

 has already in hand for existing purposes. A Government de- 

 partment has unrivalled facilities for obtaining a knowledge of 

 every alteration in roads, paths, and boundaries of commons, 

 and Government also possesses an organised system in the post- 

 offices, fitted to undeitake their sale. The pioducticn of an 

 accurate route-map seems a natural corollary to that of the 

 larger Ordnance maps, and has been considered so by many 

 Continental Governments. 



I therefore intend to propose to the committee of this section 

 to consider the propriety of memorialising Government to c.iuse 

 inquiries to be made as to the cost of construction, and the pro- 

 bability of a remunerarive sale, of maps such as those I have 

 described ; and, if the results are satisfactory, to undertake the 

 construction of a reduced Ordnance Map, on the same scale as 

 that of France, to be printed in colours, ard frequently revised. 



These, then, are the two projects to which I alluded— the one 

 to secure the sale of one-inch Oidnance Maps, on paper fol.i'ed 

 into a pocket form, to be sold at the Head Post-offices of the 

 United Kingdom — 700 or thereabouts in number, each office 

 keeping in siotk the maps of the district in which it is situated ; 

 and the other to obtain a reduced Ordnance Map of the king- 

 dom, on the scale of about five miles to an inch, to fulfil all the 

 purposes of a road map, and to be sold throughout the country 

 at the post-offices, in the way I have just described. 



I will now conclude my Address, having sufficiently taxed 

 your patience, and beg you to join with me in welcoming, with 

 your best attention, the eminent geographers whose comrnunica- 

 tions are about to be submitted to your notice. 



Sectional Proceedings — Friday, August 16 



Disccn'aics nt the A'orthcrn End of Lake Tanganyika, by 

 H. M. Stanley. 



The President, Mr. Gallon, in rrnouncing the programme of 

 proceedings for the day, explained the ciicumstances connected 

 with I'r. Livingstore's discoveries previous to Mr. .Stanley's 

 expedition. 



Mr. Stanley then read his japer, in which the following are 

 the n;ost important items, omitting everything of merely per- 

 sonal interest : — 



"If you will glance at the south eastern shore cf the Tan- 

 ganyika, you -will find it a blank ; but I must now be iHnr.ilied 

 to fill it with rivers and streams and marshes and mountain 

 ranges. I must people it with powerful tribes, the Wnfipa, 

 Wakawendi, Wakoiiongo, and "Wanjamwezi, more to the south 

 with ferocious Watula and predatory Waiori, ard to the m^ith 

 with Mar.i, Msergi, Wangondo, and Waluriba. Before coming 

 to the Ma'agarazi, I haa to pass through Southern \\av:n7a. 

 Cn-ssing ihai river, ;-nd after a day's march north, I entered 

 Ibha, a bioad plain country, extending frem Uv^nza noilh 10 

 Urundi aid the lands inhabittd by the Northern Watuta. 

 Three long marches ihrough Ubha biought me to the len-,ililul 

 country of Ukaiarga, and a steady Irjmp of twenty milrs farther 

 westward brought me to the divisional line between I'karcnga 

 and L'jiji, the Liuche Valley, or Kuche, as Burton has it. Five 

 milts larlher westwaid ticught us to the summit of a smcoth 

 hilly ridge, ard the lown of Uj.ji embowered in the palms lay at 



