252 

can hardly find in it all the information necessary for the 
comprehension of the other parts of the work. 
Thus, in describing the skull, the family names Cedide 
and Hapalide are used, as also Urside, Procyonide 
and Mustelide, though nothing is said as to these groups 
either in the text of the first chapter, or in its explanatory 
diagram. The addition of three more pages would do 
away with this imperfection. 
After the introductory chapter on Classification we have 
the skeleton as a whole, the vertebral column with its 
several regions, the sternum, ribs, skull, shoulder girdle, 
arm and hand, pelvic girdle, leg and foot, successively 
described in eighteen different chapters. The maximum 
degree of complication in the Mammalian spine (ze., in 
that of the great ant-eater) is for the first time clearly and 
accurately described. 
In each case the part of the skeleton treated of is first 
described in its normal and typical condition, and after- 
wards each order of mammals is passed in review, and 

Fic. 6.—Under surface of the cranium o a Dog, }. SO supraoccipital ; 
EO exoccipital ; BO basioccipital ; Per mastoid portion ot periotic ; Ty 
tympanic bulla ; BS basisphenoid ; Sg zygomatic process of squamosal ; 
Ma malar; AS alisphenoid; P/ pterygoid; PS presphenoid ; ¥7 frontal ; 
Vo vomer ; Pi palatine ; Mx maxilla; PJ/x premaxilla; /m foramen 
magnum ; oc occipital condyle : 4 paroccipital process ; cf condylar fo- 
ramen ; 7 toramen lacerum posterius ; sv stylo mastoid foramen ; ear 
external auditory meatus; fg/postglenoid foramen ; gf postglenoid pro- 
cess ; gf glenoid fossa ; 7m furamen Jacerum medium ;_/o foramen ovale ; 
as posterior opening of alisphenoid canal ;_/y foramen rotundum and an- 
terior opening of alisphenvid canal ; sf sphenoidal fissure or foramen 
lacerum anterius ; of optic foramen; fff posterior palatine foramen ; 
aff anterior palatine foramen. 
the leading modifications which such part presents in each 
ordinal group are stated. 
Thus, with regard to the skull, we have first a chapter 
on the skull of the dog as a type—an admirable descrip- 
tion, and a model for writers on kindred subjects from its 
completeness, its clearness, its thoroughness, and its sim- 
plicity. Next, we have a chapter on the skull as it exists 
in the orders Primates, Carnivora, Insectivora, Chiroptera, 
and Rodentia. After this follows a chapter on the skull 
in the Ungulata, Hyracoidea, and Proboscidia; then one 
on the same part in the Cetacea and Sirenia, and finally 
one on the skull in the Edentata, Marsupialia and Mono- 
tremata, This last chapter may hereafter be judiciously 


NATURE [Fan. 26, 1871 
expanded. The skulls of the Echidna and Ornitho- 
rhynchus alone might well take up half the space which is 
here allotted to these three orders. 

Fic. 7.—Diagrammatic representation of the positions of the limbs of 
Mammalia. The preaxial border is left light, the postaxial border shaded. 
in all the figures. Limbs of the right side are represented in all 
cases. A dorsal aspect of the anterior extremity in its primitive 
unmodified position; gd glenoid border of the scapula; s spine; cb 
coracoid border; ssf subscapular fossa ; Af postscapular (infraspinal) 
fossa ; ¢ coracoid ; 4 humerus ; g¢ greater, radial, or preaxial tuberosity ; 
iz lesser, ulnar, or postaxial tuberosity ; ec external (in the modified 
position), radial, or preaxial condyle ; #c internal, ulnar, or postaxial 
condyle ; 7 radius; «ulna; 1 pollex; y fifth digit. 8 dorsal aspect of 
the posterior extremity in the same position ; aé acetabular border of the 
ilium ; #5 pubic border ; 76 ischial border ; gs gluteal surface ; 2s iliac 
surface; ¢ischium ; # pubis; / femur ; /# lesser, tibial, or preaxial tro- 
chanter; gt greater, fibular, or postaxial trochanter ; zc internal fin the 
modified position), tibial, or preaxial condyle; ec external fibular, or 
postaxial condyle; # tibia ; / fibula ; 1 hallux ; v fifth digit ; c the ante 
rior extremity , with the humerusin the same position, but the elbow and 
wrist joints bent ; b the posterior extremity in the same position, 

Fic. 8.—Side view of the posterior part ot the skull of a, Horse,}. Fr 
frontal (the line points to the postorbital process); Sg squamosal ; Pa 
parietal ; SO supraoccipital ; £xO exoccipital ; o¢ occipital condyle; 4p 
paroccipital process ; Per mastoid portion of periotic ; f¢ post-tympanic 
process of squamosal ; #4 tympanohyal; Zy tympanic; fg postglenoid 
ais of squamosal ; As alisphenoid (the line points to the plate of the 
ne which bridges over the alisphenoid canal); Za malar. 
The chapters on the hand and foot (Manus and Pes) 
are excessively instructive and interesting ; the better to 
