>46 



NA rURE 



[Jan. 13, 1887 



As much schojl materiel was exhibited as manufac- 

 turers could be induced by a circular from the Bureau to 

 show gratis, and naturally the smaller articles were pro- 

 fusely sent in. Where specimens were deficient, as in the j 

 case of heavier furniture, heating and ventilating appara- 

 tus, iSrc, they were not unfrequently purchased and sup- 

 plied by the Bureau, as was also a fully equipped laboratory 

 arranged so as to economise space in schools. 



Among the objects supplied by American e.xhibitors, 

 were statistical charts of every educational subject. 

 Manual training, a matter of special value in the Southern 

 States, was carried on in the building, and the boys' pro- 

 ducts attracted particular interest. An effort was made 

 that household industry, in its four departments of nur- 

 sery, kindergarten, kitchen-garden, school of cookery, with 

 sewing, iS:c., should be fully illustrated, but the first and 

 fourth were not found practicable. A model kindergarten, 

 in which sixteen children were being taught by means of 

 choice objects in each important department of know- 

 ledge, instead of with books, and so furnished that it 

 looked the brightest and pleasantest room in the building, 

 was exhibited by the Commissioner ; and kitchen- 

 " garden " instruction, /.6'. in domestic servants' work, was 

 given on four afternoons a week during March and April. 

 Gymnastics and physical education with apparatus for 

 exercises of various degrees of severity were shown, with 

 lessons and illustrations several times a day. Library 

 appliances, as well as every description of educational 

 works, were largely exhibited in this land of the free 

 library. Specimens of work from reformatory schools, 

 boots, brushes, wood-work, and clothing made by boys 

 had their place beside' photographs, publications, kinder- 

 garten work, sewing and fancy work done by girls. 

 Washington exhibited a collection of apparatus for showing 

 the simpler scientific experiments, made by public school 

 pupils, the illustrations of which, given in the Report, 

 show how brain and fingers have worked together there. 

 From the same city also was sent a miniature copy of a 

 school recently erected there, set up as a '" model " school 

 in both senses of the word, but plans of it are not given 

 in this Report. 



One of the most important exhibitors was Prof. Ward, 

 of Rochester, N.Y., of whose museu 11 of natural history, 

 though it comes under the head of commercial depart- 

 ment, a full-page ground-plan is given. It consists of a 

 well-balanced collection of specimens of recent stuffed 

 and e.xtinct restored animals ; specimens of minerals 

 found in the United States; and models of the most 

 important geological features from all the best known 

 parts of the globe. 



An item worth notice in grammar-school, i.e. second- 

 gra:ie, education, is a collection of maps mada by the boys 

 under the master's instructions, sho .ving countries in relief, 

 with their natural productions denoted by little pieces of 

 minerals, or grains of rice or corn. 



A Text-book of Pathological Anatomy and Pathogenesis. 

 By E. Ziegler. Translated and edited by Donald Mac- 

 Alister, JVI.A., M.D. Part II. Special Pathological 

 Anatomy, Sections IX. -XII. (London: Macniillan 

 & Co., 1886.) 

 This, the third volume of the work, fully justifies the 

 high opinion we expressed of its predecessors. In point 

 of excellence of treatment, lucidity of description, general 

 arrangement of the subject, fullness of detail, and abund- 

 ance of excellent illustrations, it gives to the work as a 

 whole a completeness and thoroughness which, we be- 

 lieve, have not been attained by any previous work, in 

 English or foreign tongues. The pathology of the urinary 

 organs is described in Section IX. (Chapters Ixiv.-lxxv.) ; 

 Section X. (Chapters Ixxvi.-xc.) treats of the diseases of 

 the respiratory organs, the thyroid and thymus glands ; 

 Sections XI. and XII. (Chapters xci.-ciii.) of the pathology 

 of the central and peripheral nervous system. If amongst 



all that is good in the volume we had to choose what is 

 best, we should name the chapters on the pathology of 

 the lung and central nervous system. The classification 

 and the detailed description of the morbid changes of 

 these two organs are most excellent in every respect. 



As in the previous volumes, so also in this, a carefully 

 collected summary of the more recent references is given 

 in connection with each subject. A useful index, both of 

 the names of authors cited and of the subjects treated, 

 concludes the volume. The illustrations are copious, 

 representative, and well-chosen. Those illustrating the 

 pathology of the kidney and respiratory organs are in 

 point of printing far above the illustrations one is accus- 

 tomed to see in English text-books. 



As a text-book for students, and a book of reference to 

 workers in pathological anatomy, it is unequalled. 



E. Klein 



Hours with a Three-Inch Telescope. By Capt. Wm. 



Noble, F.R.A.S., F.R.MS. (London: Longmans, 



Green, and Co., 1886.) 

 The present volume, which is to a great extent a reprint, 

 is designed for the help and instruction of those who, pos- 

 sessing a small telescope, are at a loss as to how best to use 

 it. On the whole, the book well fulfils its author's purpose. 

 Clear, simple, straightforward, and practical, it gives just 

 that elementary instruction in the use of a sm ill instrument 

 which so many require, and which has hitherto been pro- 

 vided for them nowhere else, and it will undoubtedly serve 

 as a good introduction to more advanced books, such as 

 Webb's '• Celestial Objects." Occasionally a rash state- 

 ment needing correction is met with — ;'.<,■■. the footnote on 

 p. 84 — but for the most part the book has been carefully 

 written, it is illustrated by a good map of the moon, and 

 by over one hundred woodcuts. The latter are clear, but 

 possess no special merit otherwise ; indeed, the repre- 

 sentations of Jupiter and Saturn are poor; but, despite 

 a few such slight blemishes in detail, the volume cannot 

 fail to be useful. 



Lunar Science. By the Rev. Timothy Harley, F.R.A.S., 

 Author of " Moon-Lore," &c. (London : Swan Son- 

 nenschein, Lowrey, and Co., 1886.) 

 This little book contains a clear and interesting account 

 of the essential facts known about the moon in ancient 

 and modern times. Having referred, in the introduction, 

 to some of the more general aspects of his subject, the 

 author proceeds to discuss, in separate chapters, the 

 moon's distance, its size, shape, substance, formation, con- 

 dition, surface, and motions. In the chapter on the moon's 

 motions, the writer has a good deal to say about the use 

 which has been made of the moon as the measurer of time. 

 " The etymology of the word," he says, " is full of mean- 

 ing. 'Moon' and 'Month 'are twins, whose parentage 

 was Sanskrit." The truth, of course, is, not that " their 

 parentage was Sanskrit," but that " Moon" and " Month" 

 and the Sanskrit word " Mas," the measurer, have the 

 same root. As kindred words appear in several other 

 Aryan languages, it may be assumed that the moon served 

 as a chronometer to the Aryans before they dispersed. 

 The Athenians began their year upon the first new moon 

 after the summer solstice, and this year they divided into 

 twelve months, containing alternately thirty and twenty- 

 nine days. Each month, again, was divided into three 

 decades. The Romans also divided their months into 

 three parts, and, says Mr. Harley, "the first day was 

 called CalendiC, from an old verb meaning ' to call out,' 

 because a pontiff then made proclamation to the people 

 that it was new moon. These Calendce have given us our 

 word ' calendar.'" Among the North American Indians, 

 time is computed by moons or months, and they talk of 

 the " beaver moon," the '■ buck moon," the " bufialo 

 moon," and so on, exactly as the Greeks used to talk of 

 the " planting moon," the " reaping moon," the " wine 

 moon," and the like. 



