138 DR. A. CAMPBELL ON THE INDIAN ELEPHANT. [Feb. 25, 
“‘ keda wala’”’ is emphatically described as always being in the way 
of wealth or ruin. He is an ‘“‘Ameer”’ or “ Fugeer,”’ 7. e. a “ prince 
or a beggar ;” so proverbially uncertain are his gains, and his trade 
so full of risks. 
The proportion of adult females caught is probably as eight to 
one. ‘This arises from two causes. They are less violent and more 
easily subdued ; and it is rare to find more than one male with a 
whole herd of females, and he is always an immense one and rarely 
to be mastered. 
The catchers and dealers give numerous divisions or varieties of 
the Elephant, such as Muringi, Kumulia, Kooji, &e. They also 
notice the peculiarities of arched and straight backs; but it is suffi- 
cient to attend to the following for practical purposes. The males 
are tusked or tuskless, 7. e. “‘ Dantal’’ or ‘‘Mukuna;”’ one-tusked 
ones are prized by Hindoos. One with the left tusk is a ‘‘ Ganess,”’ 
God of Wisdom ; with the right a ‘“ Manik dunta.”’ The females 
are maiden or mothers, the terms being “‘Sareen”’ and ‘“ Dohi;”’ a 
barren one is also a “ Sareen,’? and the Dohi is not reckoned of 
equal value. The Sareen is distinguished from the Dohi by the 
small teats and undeveloped mamme. A male is 20 per cent., at 
least, more prized than a female, on account of his greater strength 
and powers of endurance. It seems difficult to ascertain the period 
required for the full growth of the Elephant. After comparing 
many opinions and statements, I make it twenty-five years, and the 
known age eighty-five in the same manner. The female goes eighteen 
months with young, and gives suck for two years. In addition to 
the smaller size, youth is indicated by a general smoothness and 
roundness of the face and trunk, with an almost unmistakable 
expression of simplicity and innocence as you examine the face 
standing right in front. The central depression on the top of the 
head is but faintly developed in youth, while in an aged animal the 
coronal protuberances stand up prominently. The ears in youth 
and middle age are thin, light, and unbroken along the outer margin ; 
in age they are large, flapping, thick, and jagged. 
There is no particular breeding-season. ‘Elephants, like cows 
in India, have young all the year round.’’? The mother shows great 
affection for her young, and even when chased by the catchers will 
not leave it, if it gets into trouble or is too young to follow. The 
mothers frequently fall an easy prey on this account, allowing them- 
selves 1o be noosed while they are helping on the young one. A 
young one of six months will fly off when the mother is taken; 
under that age it will stick to the captive mother. Twins are 
unknown. 
The catching-season is from November to July; June is the 
month in which the greatest number are taken. The fresh grass 
and reeds, after the annual burning, is then greatly relished by 
these animals, who come far out of the forest to seek it. The 
Elephant is gregarious in the highest degree: herds of more than a 
hundred are sometimes seen ; fifty, thirty, and twenty are common. 
Sullen males, which have been driven out of the herd by hard fight- 
