410 MR. G. BUSK ON FOSSIL REMAINS FROM BORNEO. [June 10, 
failed him, and that the two teeth are those of the Rhinoceros, and 
the single one that of the Ruminant in question. 
The Rhinoceros-teeth are the right and left second upper molars 
(m. 2), evidently belonging to the same individual. They consist 
only of the crown portions, which appear to be not fully developed 
at the base, and are wholly in the “germ” state, having no fangs 
and never having been protruded from the alveolus ; they amply 
suffice, however, to afford distinctive characters. As regards the 
condition in which they are, the enamel and dentine, so far as the 
latter can be seen here and there, are extremely brittle and obviously 
contain but little animal matter. The surface is of a deep brown 
colour, and the subjacent substance has also a strong ferruginous 
tinge ; it is also, as shown by experiment, strongly impregnated 
with iron. There is no dendritic appearance in any part When 
wetted they exhale a remarkably strong peaty or earthy odour. 
These circumstances prove that they have lain for a long time in soil 
containing much iron and vegetable matter, and probably of a peaty 
nature. The hollows of the teeth, moreover, were partially filled 
with mould having the above characters. It may consequently be 
concluded from this, and from the entire absence of anything like 
the usual cave-earth, that the teeth had in all probability been 
lodged in a dried-up bog or peaty marsh, and not in a cavern—a 
conclusion which is in accordance with the statement of Signor Bec- 
cari above cited. They must be regarded as fossilized in the same 
sense as the usual remains found in quaternary deposits of a similar 
kind, though it is impossible, in the absence of other data, to express 
any opinion as to the probable period they had been so imbedded. 
Before proceeding to describe the morphological characters of the 
teeth, it will be as well to premise a few words in explanation of the 
terms employed. 
The upper molars of Rhinoceros are of a more or Jess quadrilateral 
form, and are almost always rather wider in the transverse than in the 
longitudinal or antero-posterior direction. They present, therefore, 
four sides—an external or dorsal (the dorsum), an internal, an an- 
terior, and a posterior. They may also be described as consisting 
of an external wide lamina, which forms the entire outer side of the 
tooth, and from which project obliquely, inwards and backwards, two 
transverse plates which, on the inner aspect, end in two conical or 
pyramidal columns or pillars. These columns and plates are sepa- 
rated from each other by a wide and deep valley, the median sinus ; 
aud in front of the anterior column, towards the inner part, there 
is in most cases a shallow valley, the anterior sinus, and behind 
the posterior column a much deeper one, the posterior sinus. 
On the dorsum may be observed, besides the anterior and pos- 
terior margins, which are very usually more or less elevated, three 
vertical elevations or coste, of which the anterior is always by far 
the most prominent. 
On the anterior face the anterior sinus is crossed at the bottom 
by a prominent ridge, the anterior vallum; whilst the posterior 
sinus, on the opposite side of the tooth, is closed in behind by the 
