486 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE [Nov. 1], 
allied forms, gives off two main branches close together ; the first, 
after a course of ‘6, divides into the two carotids and the right sub- 
clavian ; the second is the left subclavian. 
ABDOMINAL VISCERA. 
On opening the abdominal cavity, the liver was seen extending 
across the anterior part, occupying apparently as much of the left 
as the right side; next to it was seen a portion of the transversely 
lying stomach, then the great omentum (quite destitute of fat) 
completely concealing all the other viscera. 
In the peritoneal cavity were numerous, very slender, white, hair- 
like, very stiff and elastic Nematode worms, 23" long; some few, 
otherwise similar in appearance, were of a blackish colour*. There 
were no Entozoa within the intestinal canal. 
The stomach and the upper half of the small intestine were dis- 
tended with straw, a closely impacted mass of which produced an 
absolute obstruction to the passage, evidently the cause of the ani- 
mal’s death. The way the intestines were twisted and knotted, 
together with numervus partial invaginations, showed that violent 
peristaltic movements had taken place without successfully overcoming 
the obstruction. The mucous membrane was also severely congested 
at several spots. The lower half of the small intestines and the colon 
were contracted and almost empty. 
The stomach (fig. 5) was short and rounded, consisting of a large 
and globular left end or fundus, into the upper part of which the 
rather narrow cesophagus enters, and a comparatively small pyloric 
prolongation, divided in the middle by a slight constriction. The 
walls are very thick and muscular, especially towards the pyloric 
end+. Before its removal from the body it measured 5" in length ; 
its diameter, from the entrance of the cesophagus to the opposite 
point of the great curvature, was 33". 
The interior of the stomach may be divided into three distinct 
portions :—1. The left end or cardiac portion, with a perfectly smooth 
pale-coloured lining membrane. 2. The middle portion, with a softer, 
granular-looking redder lining, and bearing a series of strongly marked 
longitudinal ridges or folds of the mucous membrane, most prominent 
and largest at the greater curvature, and extending over the lower 
two-thirds of the circumference, but wanting on the upper third, or 
that next the lesser curvature: they are nearly parallel, though 
more approximated to each other near the pylorus, and diverging 
towards the fundus, corresponding in this with the gradual enlarge- 
ment of the walls of the cavity in this direction. 3. In the narrow 
right extremity of the stomach extending 2" from the pylorus, the 
mucous membrane is again smooth, or only slightly raised into some 
* Some of these have been forwarded to Dr. Cobbold for examination. He 
reports that they belong to a species hitherto undescribed, and proposes to give 
an account of their structure at an early meeting of the Society. 
+ Daubenton describes the walls of the stomach in the Hyena as thin and 
semitransparent. 
