Marcu 18, 1915] 

to serve these purposes, but Prof. Gregory adduced 
purely physical reasons—elevation at the same epoch, 
due to great crustal compression, etc.—for classifying 
together the Pyrenees, Alps, Dinaric mountains, the 
Caucasus, Himalaya, and others, whereas Suess’s 
classification ‘‘represents the Alps as closer akin to 
the hills of Brittany than to the Himalaya, and makes 
the Dinaric mountains and the hills of Crete the 
European equivalents of the Himalaya,” and ‘‘is 
obviously not intended as a guide to the comparison 
of existing earth forms.” 
Amone many valuable contributions to our know- 
ledge of the natural history of Gloucestershire con- 
tained in the Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists’ 
Field Club for 1914 is the account of an excursion to 
the Forest of Dean and a description of the work 
being done by the School of Forestry. Works have 
recently been erected containing a retort of large 
capacity for the carbonisation of wood, and the neces- 
sary plant for producing and working up charcoal, 
grey acetate of lime, miscible naphtha, and wood- 
tar. Mr. Hanson, a member of the school staff, 
among other interesting facts, remarked that after 
diligent search in the forest only fifteen mistletoe 
plants have been found, eight of which were on poplar 
trees and none on oak. This, he observed, tends to 
confirm the belief that the connection between the 
oalk and the mistletoe in Druidic times is more 
mythical than real. He fails, however, to observe 
that it is the comparative scarcity of the appearance 
of mistletoe on the oak which would be likely to 
inspire a belief in its sanctity. 
New material has enabled Mr. C. C. Mools (Ann. 
New York Ac. Sci., vol. xxiv., pp. 19-22) to formu- 
late the distinctive features of Camarosaurus, de- 
scribed by Cope in 1877, and one of the first of the 
sauropod dinosaurs made known to science. It is 
now shown that Morosaurus, named by the same 
palzontologist about a month later, is really insepar- 
able. It is also recalled that at first Cope believed 
these huge and unwieldy reptiles to be bipedal. 
A LONG synopsis, illustrated by eight plates, of the 
British fleas, or Siphonaptera, by the Hon. N. C. 
Rothschild, renders the March number of the Ento- 
mologist’s Monthly Magazine, about double the 
normal size, and the price is consequently raised in 
proportion to all save subscribers. It is the first 
attempt to bring a difficult subject up to date, and is 
consequently to some extent tentative. The descrip- 
tions are purposely brief, and the diagnoses of genera 
and species apply only to the British forms. The 
author remarks that in a considerable number of cases 
the same species of flea infests totally different kinds 
of animals, and that Carnivora frequently acquire such 
unwelcome guests from their prey, and may apparently 
retain them for a considerable time. 
TuoucH the Scottish Zoological Park, near Edin- 
burgh, has suffered from the effects of the war, it has 
been found possible to undertake during the winter 
several new works. The largest of these is the acclima- 
tisation house, presented by Lord Salvesen, president 
of the society. Another is the construction of a pool for 
NO. 2368, VOL. 95| 
NATURE 

73 
the society’s valuable collection of penguins, which 
arrived from the Antarctic last spring. The pool is 
almost completed, and the penguins will be seen to 
much greater advantage than hitherto. The comple- 
tion of the polar bear pool has also been undertaken. 
The formation of the polar bear pool was the first 
work undertaken by the society in the laying out of 
the park, but as it was not possible to have the pool, 
as originally designed, completed in time for the open- 
ing in 1913, a temporary barrier and cages were 
thrown across one side, so that the bears might be 
exhibited at once. The temporary wooden barrier 
has now been removed, and the rock on one side is 
being cut back, in order to enlarge the pool and at 
the same time afford a rock face of sufficient height 
to prevent the escape of the bears. The work on this 
pool will also be completed in a short time. 
WE have been favoured with a copy of a richly 
illustrated memoir on the ‘“Anthracolithic Faunze of 
Kashmir, Kanaur, and Spiti,’” by Dr. C. Diener, 
published as vol. v., No. 2, of the new series of the 
‘‘Palzontologica Indica.’’ Fossils of a  Permo- 
Carboniferous type were brought to light many years 
ago by Col. Godwin-Austen and others in Kashmir; 
and in the late ’seventies a fresh deposit of such 
fossils was discovered by Mr. Lydekker. The latter 
proved to be of the same type as those from the well- 
known Kuling shales of Spiti, and were therefore 
classed as Permian, while the great bulk of the fossil- 
iferous deposits were originally regarded as Carbon- 
iferous; a third horizon, of presumed Carboniferous 
age, being indicated by a quartz-sandstone from 
Ladak containing a brachiopod first described by Dr. 
Diener as Spirifer lydekkeri, but now transferred to 
the genus Syringothyris. More important was the sub- 
sequent discovery by Dr. Noctling of plant-remains of a 
Gondwana type in the Kashmir beds. Dr. Diener’s 
original memoir on the Anthracolithic series was pub- 
lished in 1899; the present one is based on new strati- 
graphical work and new collections, and contains de- 
scriptions of new species and revisions of others. As 
the results of his work, the author considers that the 
fossil evidence proves the Zewan beds of Kashmir to 
be the equivalent of the Upper Productus Limestone 
of the Punjab Salt Range and the Kuling Shales, 
this being confirmed by the presence in all of two 
distinctive Permian species. 
Dr. A. SmitH Woopwarp has written for the 
British Museum (Natural History) an inspiring illus- 
trated ‘‘Guide to the Fossil Remains of Man in the 
Department of Geology and Paleontology,” price qd. 
Since the remains in other collections are here repre- 
sented by casts, a comprehensive view can be obtained 
of the remarkable additions to our knowledge of 
human origins that have been made in the last eight 
years. One of the most interesting pictures is that 
showing the side aspect of the Piltdown skull, in 
comparison with that from La Chapelle-aux-Saints 
(Neandertal type) and with a modern human skull. 
Equally effective drawings are given of the skulls of 
chimpanzees, in young and adult stages. The posses- 
sion of a complete skeleton of the Neandertal type 
has enabled M. Marcellin Boule to furnish a valuable 
