APRIL I, 1915] 
NATURE 
IES 

clearly been developed with the object of produc- 
ing this volume. 
The trinominal system of nomenclature, the 
principles of which are clearly explained in the 
introduction, is followed by the authors as by 
most naturalists who have made a special study of 
geographical distribution. At the same time, new 
subspecies or geographical races have only been 
created when plenty of material was available. 
The authors have wisely deemed it “preferable 
that a race should continue undetermined rather 
than the racial characters should be wrongly 
described or a new race erected on insufficient 
grounds.” 
The exigencies cf space prevent any detailed dis- 
cussion or description of the work, but it must be 
mentioned that the remarkable Euschemon is con- 
sidered as a “Skipper” (Hesperidz) and not as a 
moth. This conclusion appears to the present 
writer to be entirely sound, although the primary 
division of Lepidoptera into ‘butterflies’ and 
“moths” is, of course, artificial and merely a 
matter of convenience. 
In addition to the description of the species 
and the groups to which they belong, occupying 
nearly the whole of the volume, there is an intro- 
ductory section with a brief historical account of 
Australian work and an excellent general descrip- 
tion of the Lepidoptera, together with the ana- 
tomical features relied upon by the systematist. 
A concluding section, with “ Notes upon Collect- 
ing and Collections,” complete the work by ren- 
dering it a sufficient guide to the beginner. 
The keen Australian naturalist is now provided 
with a foundation upon which to build. The 
present work will tell him what he is dealing 
with, and will indicate much of the work that 
remains to be done. Blank records of food-plants 
and of larval and pupal stages will suggest, to 
those interested in breeding, one of the most 
fascinating of all inquiries. We may hope that 
the bionomic problems presented by the Australian 
Lepidoptera, as yet scarcely attacked at all, will 
now receive attention; that geographical varia- 
tion, so specially studied by the authors, will forth- 
with be advanced by the efforts of a band of new 
observers. 
The naturalist living in the cooler parts of Aus- 
tralia need not be discouraged by comparing his 
species with the grander forms of the tropical 
north. These latter are for the most part identical 
with or very closely allied to Papuan species, while 
his own less magnificent butterflies are charac- 
teristic of the great southern continent. At the 
same time, the resident in northern Queensland 
has the opportunity of solving complex problems 
of tropical life with its elaborate inter-relationships 
NO. 2370, VOL. 95| 
—an opportunity of which Mr. F. P. Dodd has 
taken such great advantage. With the present 
work as a guide we may look forward to a rapid 
advance along many lines in our knowledge of the 
butterflies of Australia. ES By Be 
PHYSICAL 
Lehrbuch der 
Darstellung. 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 
Anthropologie in Systematischer 
Mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung 
Methoden fir  studie- 
Forschungsreisende. Von 
Pp. xvit+ir8r. (Jena: G. 
Price 35 marks. 
der anthropologischen 
rende Aerste und 
Prof. R. Martin. 
Fischer, 1914.) 
N these later years the Anthropological In- 
stitute of the University of Ziirich has 
acquired a very high reputation amongst anthro- 
pologists. The success of Ziirich as a centre of 
anthropological research and teaching is due to 
Prof. Rudolf Martin who, these twenty years 
past, has gathered round him and trained a band 
of young men, who are now spreading abroad 
the reputation of the new Swiss school. 
In the work under review, Prof. Martin gives 
a systematic account of twenty years of experience 
as an expert anthropologist, detailing his methods 
of measurement, his manner of making records 
and describing the principles on which his methods 
are based. His text-book is much more than a 
technical manual; it is really an encyclopedia of 
knowledge relating to the size and shape of body 
in all races of mankind. There was great need 
for a standard work on physical anthropology ; 
Prof. Martin has supplied that need. 
The modern conception of the scope of physical 
anthropology and the relative importance attached 
to each of its branches will be made clear by a 
summary of the contents of Prof. Martin’s text- 
book. The largest section is given to the skull; 
422 pages out of a total of 1069 are devoted to 
the methods and results of craniology. The next 
important section is that which deals with the 
living body—its measurements, proportions, pig- 
mentation, growth, etc.; to this subject consider- 
ably more than a third of the total book is 
assigned. A separate section is devoted to a 
consideration of the skeleton—189 pages. Thus, 
the major part of this work is devoted to the 
skull, skeleton, and external characters of the 
body. 
The two opening sections, although condensed 
—amounting altogether to 102 pages—are both 
useful and important. These opening sections 
deal with anthropological methods, particularly 
with the best means of expressing results in 
graphic and in mathematical forms. The classi- 

1D 
