ApriL 8, 1915] 
NALORE 
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used in religion, some in war, while others are of a 
private nature, and bring success in hunting or in 
love, heal the sick, promote health, bring luck in 
sports, gambling, or are used in witchcraft. Some 
belong to shamans, others are in private hands. A 
full catalogue with photographs fully illustrates this 
interesting collection. 
Ir is generally held that the presence of B. coli in 
pasteurised milk indicates either that the mills has not 
been properly heated, or that it has been subsequently 
reinfected by careless handling. In the Journal of 
Agricultural Research for February, S. H. Ayres and 
W. T. Johnson, jr., describe experiments which 
suggest that this conclusion may not always be 
justified. From an examination of pasteurised millx 
supplied by twenty-four dairies in Amsterdam, 
Ringeling declared that nearly half of them did not 
pasteurise or handle the millx properly, since he found 
B. coli in the samples received from ten of the dairies. 
In recent years many investigators have found that 
cultures of B. coli were easily destroyed at tempera- 
tures below 60° C., which is the lowest pasteurising 
temperature, but certain strains required heating for 
30 mins. at 70° in order to destroy them. The 
authors have studied the thermal death-point of 174 
cultures of typical colon bacilli, isolated chiefly from 
cow feces, as well as from milk, cream, flies, human 
faeces, and cheese. These cultures were heated in 
millk at temperatures ranging from 52° C. to 68° C. 
for 30 mins. At 63° C., the usual temperature of 
pasteurisation, 6-9 per cent. of the cultures survived, 
but only one culture (0-6 per cent.) survived heating 
to 66° C. Repeated heatings of the cultures that 
survived the normal pasteurising process showed that 
63° C. is a critical temperature for the comparatively 
few resistant strains, which are able to survive the 
original heating by the resistance of a few organisms 
only. If milk is pasteurised at 66° C. or above’ for 
30 mins., the authors expect from their results that 
no colon bacillus would survive. Consequently under 
such conditions the B. coli test for the efficiency of 
pasteurisation may be of value. It is, however, pos- 
sible that a study of a larger number of cultures 
would show that some strains may survive even higher 
temperatures. 
VoL, xi., part 1, of Records of the Indian Museum 
contains articles on boring-sponges of the family 
Clionide, by Dr. N. Annandale, on hermit-crabs from 
the Chilka Lake, by Mr. J. R. Henderson, and on 
some South Indian frogs, bv Mr. C. R. N. Rao, as 
well as two others. Of five species of hermit-crabs 
only one is described as new. 
Tue beauty and delicacy of execution of the two 
plates (reproduced from photographs) form a striking 
feature of a memoir by Mr. S. Yehara on Cretaceous 
trigonias from Miyako and Hokkaido, published as 
vol. ii., No. 2, of Science Reports of Tohoku Imperial 
University, Sendai, Japan, series 2 (Geology). The 
beautiful preservation of the specimens themselves is 
likewise noteworthy. 
In the American Naturalist for March Mr. R. R. 
Hyde describes a fly of the species Drosophila confusa, 
NO. T, VOE 95) 
23/ 


reared by himself, which differed from the normal 
form by the curvature of the wings. In the new 
form the wings curve upwards at an angle of about 
45° from the end of the abdomen, and thus somewhat 
resemble rose-petals, instead of projecting horizontally 
over and above the abdomen, as in the wild form. 
Unfortunately, all the members of the new stock died 
during the hot weather of the summer of 1914. 
Tue problem of utilising museum collections for the 
use of children seems to have been satisfactorily solved 
by the authorities of the Museums of the Brooklyn 
Institute of Arts and Sciences, whose report tor 
1913, unusually belated, has just reached us. The 
museum for chiidren has been brought into close rela- 
tion with the city schools, the majority of visitors 
being under fourteen years of age. Well-arranged 
series are adapted for purposes of instruction, and 
the library serves the threefold purpose of supplying 
children with books and magazines relating to their 
studies, their clubs, and their hobbies. The total 
attendance was nearly 48,000, and about 2300 parents 
and other adults attended, some with their children, 
others desiring help in choosing children’s books, 
while others who began coming in their early days 
continue their visits. Teachers are encouraged to 
inspect the collections under the guidance of experi- 
enced instructors. The scheme seems to be well 
organised, and an examination of it may be useful to 
school authorities in this country. 
THE uncertainty that prevails with regard to the 
correct zoological names of many of the commonest 
or most familiar animals is a source of great con- 
fusion, especially to those who make use of such 
names without being themselves experts in the study 
of the particular class of animals dealt with. It is, 
for instance, extraordinarily perplexing for a medical 
practitioner or student to see common human parasites 
appearing under different names in different books, 
or the same name applied to quite distinct species by 
different authorities. The efforts, therefore, that are 
being made by the International Commission or 
Zoological Nomenciature to fix the names of animals 
in cases where the matter is in dispute, will be wel- 
comed by all who require to make use of the names. 
The latest ‘‘Opinion”’ (No. 66) issued by the Com- 
mission deals with certain genera of Nematodes and 
Gordiacea, including the round-worms parasitic in 
man, namely, Ancylostoma (type duodenale), Ascaris 
(type lumbricoides), Dracunculus (type medinensis), 
Gnathostoma (type spinigerum), Necator (type ameri- 
canus), Strongyloides (type intestinalis=stercoralis), 
Trichostrongylus (type retortaeformis), Gordius (type 
aquaticus), and Paragordius (type varius). The first 
of these genera, of which the type is the ‘‘Old World 
Hook-worm,’’ notorious as the cause of miner’s 
anemia, has hitherto appeared under about a dozen 
different spellings, including even such barbarous 
forms as ‘“‘“Agchylostoma’’; it is to be hoped that in 
the future uniformity in this respect will be main- 
tained. 
In Records of the Botanical Survey of India, vol. 
vi., No. 5, an account is given by Mr. M. S. Rama- 
swami of a botanical tour in the Tinnevelley Hills. 
