228 
NATURE 
[APRIL 29, 1915 

The former is the split-off or dissociated conscious- 
ness demonstrable in cases of hysteria, etc., the 
latter is to be thought of best in physiological 
terms. He recognises the existence of repression, 
in the Freudian sense, in certain cases, but is 
unable to verify its universal existence in patho- 
logical cases. Many of the instances which he 
quotes are also strong evidence against Freud’s 
view that sexual experiences, especially those 
dating from early childhood, are invariable factors 
in the production of neuroses. 
Towards the end of the book there are some 
excellent chapters on instinct, emotion, and senti- 
ment, which form an important contribution to 
the question of the nature of personality. The 
book will be found extremely helpful by those 
medical men who desire a well-balanced statement 
of the facts and theories of medical psychology at 
the present day. WiLi1aM Brown. 

PASTEUR AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE. 
(1) Pasteur after Pasteur. By 
Paget. Pp. xii+152. (London: A. 
Black, 1914.) Price 3s. 6d. net. 
(2) On Pharmaco-Therapy and Preventive Inocu- 
lation applied to Pneumonia in the African 
Native, with a discourse on the Logical Methods 
which ought to be Employed in the Evaluation 
of Therapeutic Agents. By Sir A. E. Wright. 
Pp. xii+124. (London: Constable and Co., 
Ltd., 1914.) Price 4s. 6d. net. 
(1) 
and 
Stephen 
and C. 
N this volume, one of a series of manuals 
on medical history, Mr. Stephen Paget, 
with his usual facile pen, outlines the life of 
Pasteur. Commencing with his early years, we 
have a glimpse of Pasteur’s home and of the 
ideals which influenced his whole life :— 
“Work hard, honour your country; put spiritual 
things above material, and other people before 
yourself; have courage, have patience.” Mae 
“Work; love one another,” he writes to his little 
sisters. “Once you have got into the way of 
working, you cannot live without it. Besides, 
everything in this world depends on it.” 
An excellent description follows of his chemical 
researches, his study of tartaric acid and of the 
tartrates, and the foundation of stereochemistry 
therefrom. In January, 1849, Pasteur is offered 
and accepts the professorship of chemistry at 
Strasbourg :— 
“Friendship met him on the threshold, and 
Love was waiting for him just across it. Friend- 
ship was young M. Bertin, who had been at school 
with him, and was now professor of physics in 
Strasbourg : Love was Marie Laurent, a daughter 
of the rector of the academy. ... Within a 
month, he had sent to her father his formal pro- 
NO. 2374, VOL. 95] 

posal of marriage. At the end of May they were 
married. She was everything to him:, without 
her, his work would never have been accom- 
plished: he would have died, long before he did, 
under the strain of it. To write of him, is to be 
writing of her: the two lives are one, from 1849 
to the day he died.” 
Pasteur’s studies on fermentation and its in- 
fluence on Lister’s work are next discussed, and 
a beautiful little picture is given of Lister, the 
man :— 
“In 1893, the death of Lady Lister took the 
delight out of his life. . To recall him, is to 
think, first, of the dignity, gentleness, and refine- 
ment of his face: its delicate colouring, the tran- 
quil, almost dreaming, look of his eyes. . . . He 
smiled, not laughed: a smile of singular beauty, 
but hard to interpret. . Tired, lonely, and, 
long before he died, broken in health and in the 
enjoyment of living, one thinks of him, still as 
a man serene through controversy, a spirit of 
invincible patience and of radiant purity.” 
One of the traits of Lister’s character, which 
the reviewer likes best to remember, was his 
intense concern for the welfare of the patients 
who came under his care—an untoward incident 
was a real grief to him. 
Subsequent chapters deal with Pasteur’s other 
researches— diseases of silkworms, anthrax, 
chicken-cholera, rouget—culminating in his work 
on rabies, soon after which he began to fail :— 
“Then came enfeeblement, a year of quiet 
resignation; and, in September, 1895, his death. 
It is recorded of him that he died holding the 
crucifix in one hand, and in the other his wife’s 
hand. Here was a life, within the limits of 
humanity, well-nigh perfect.” 
All that is mortal of the great master rests— 
most fittingly—in the beautiful little chapel in the 
Pasteur Institute, Paris. 
Pasteur’s work is fundamental and must be re- 
garded as the starting-point of modern bacteriology 
and of experimental immunity and _ preventive 
medicine. Mr. Paget is able from a considera- 
tion of all that has since been accomplished in the 
prevention of diphtheria, plague, cholera, typhoid, 
and yellow fevers, malaria and Malta fever to 
show how much we owe to the genius of Pasteur. 
We heartily congratulate Mr. Paget on his 
book, which is deeply interesting, and holds the 
attention from start to finish. 
(2) Three topics are dealt with by Sir Almroth 
Wright in this book: first, the use of an organic 
copper compound “optochin” for the treatment 
of pneumonia; secondly, the nature of the pneu- 
monia which attacks the native labourers in the 
Rand mines, and the employment of prophylactic 
inoculations to prevent it; and thirdly, a discussion 
of the logical methods which ought to be applied 
