664 
NATURE 
[Avcust 12, 1915 

animal among the wild game which harbours. it. 
It is probable that it will also be found in the blood of 
the bush-pig, but that has not been done yet. 
Group C.—TuHeE T. vivax Group. 
The three species forming this group have a strong 
family resemblance, and but for size might almost be 
included in one species. 
I.—T. vivax. 
This is the cause of one of the most important 
cattle diseases in Uganda. We did not meet with it 
in Nyasaland, where its place seems to be taken by 
T. caprae. It is, however, widely distributed in Cen- 
tral Africa. It has been reported from Senegal and 
the Sudan in the north to Rhodesia in the south. It 
is easily recognised on account of its extreme activity 
during life, its characteristic morphology in stained 
specimens, and the fact that it only affects horses, 
cattle, goats, and sheep, while monkeys, dogs, rabbits, 
guinea-pigs, rats, and mice are refractory. In Uganda 
the tsetse-flies on the lake shore were found to be 
infected with it, and it was also found in the blood 
of a bushbuck shot at the same place at which the 
flies were collected (see above and Fig. 3). 
II.—T. uniforme. 
This trypanosome resembles T. vivax very closely 
except that it is smaller. Up to the present it has 
only been found in Uganda. Its carrier there is G. 

Fic. 6.—Tryfanosoma simia. 
xabout 700. 
palpalis, and its reservoir the wild game on the lake 
shore. 
IlI.—T. Cabrae, 
This species has only been reported up to the present 
from Lake Tanganyika and Nyasaland. It, like the 
other two species belonging to this group, only affects 
cattle, sheep, and goats. Monkeys, dogs, and smaller 
experimental animals are immune. 
CONCLUSION. 
This concludes the Croonian Lectures on the try- 
panosomes causing disease in man and domestic 
animals in Central Africa. These lectures deal with 
but a small part of the subject, which has in the 
course of the last twenty years grown to huge pro- 
portions. Nothing has been said about medicinal 
treatment, and even measures of prevention have been 
left a good deal to the imagination. Taking a look 
back over the whole field the outstanding features may 
- be said to be, first, that some order is beginning to 
reign in what was lately chaos in regard to the classi- 
fication of the pathogenic trypanosomes. They may 
all now be referred to three groups and nine species. 
NO. 2389, VOL. 95] 
In regard to the transference of the virus from sick 
to healthy animals by the fly, this has been made 
clearer and easier of comprehension by the discovery 
of the part which the salivary glands and hypo- 
pharynx play in the various modes of development 
which the trypanosomes undergo in the fly. It results 
that it would almost appear impossible for an infec- 
tive fly to pierce even momentarily the skin of a 
healthy susceptible animal without causing infection. 
Another important feature is the proof brought 
forward that T. brucei and T. rhodesiense are the 
same. 
Finally, in regard to the prevention of these try- 
panosome diseases of man and domestic animals. We 
have seen that the wild game in the fly country is 
heavily infected. It is impossible to doubt that they 
are the reservoir and source of many of these diseases. 
There can be little doubt that if the wild game were 
driven out of the fly country trypanosome diseases 
such as those caused by T. brucei and T. pecorum 
would disappear. 
In regard to the measures of prevention against 
the most important of all the trypanosome diseases— 
Congo sleeping-sickness—it has been shown by experi- 
ence that the removal of the natives from the fly area 
is a simple and efficacious way of stopping an 
epidemic. In these sparsely inhabited countries, where 
spare land and food are easily obtained, there is, as 
a rule, no difficulty in effecting this migration. If it 
is desired to go a step further and render the sleeping- 
sickness area habitable, then clearing and cultiva- 
tion must be resorted to. By these means, in all prob- 
ability, G. palpalis will be driven away, and with it 
the disease. 

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE. 
Dr. H. G. Earte has been appointed to the chair of 
physiology in the University of Hong-kong. 
Dr. J. A. Menzies has been appointed professor of 
physiology in the University of Durham College of 
Medicine, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 
In the prospectus of the University College of North 
Wales a reference to ‘‘Aeroplane and Other Re- 
searches’’ occurs in the schemes of study of the 
department of applied mathematics. In view of the 
important part played by aeroplanes in the present 
war, we hope that Prof. Bryan will make every effort 
to enlist the services of his pupils in the solution of 
the many unsolved problems which he has enumer- 
ated, and that he will encourage them to take up this 
work in preference to studies of a more examinational 
character. We understand from Prof. Bryan that he 
would be glad to secure the assistance of students from 
other universities possessing the necessary traiaing 
in applied mathematics who are able and willing to 
enter the college at Bangor for a post-graduate course 
of research in the subjects in question. 
THE prospectus of the University courses in the 
Municipal School of Technology, Manchester, for the 
session 1915-16, which is now available, serves ad- 
mirably to give the inquiring student an excellent 
idea of the resources and equipment of this great 
technical college. It will be remembered that a faculty 
of technology in the University of Manchester was 
established in 1905, with the principal of the School 
of Technology as dean of the faculty and with the 
heads of the mechanical and electrical engineering, 
applied chemistry, and architecture departments of the 
; School of Technology as professors of the University: 



