AUGUST 19, 1915] 
NATURE 
691 

perhaps 220,000]. may be deemed to have lapsed, 
owing to such causes as the failure of applicants to 
expend the whole advance sanctioned during the period 
for which it was advanced. It would appear that if 
the amount of the Development Fund is 2,g00,000!., 
and effective advances to the amount only of 1,280,000l. 
were sanctioned up to March 31, 1914, the sum of 
1,620,0001. still remains unappropriated. This is, 
however, not the case; the Commissioners having 
been compelled to commit themselves in substance 
to expenditure much in excess of the advances 
actually recommended. 
The expenditure incurred or sanctioned for the 
period up to March 31, 1916, in connection with agri- 
culture and rural industries, forestry and afforestation, 
and fisheries is as follows :— 
(1) Agriculture and Rural Industries.—This purpose 
has absorbed a considerably larger proportion of the 
Fund than any other object. The expenditure hitherto 
sanctioned is 921,549]., of which perhaps 200,0001. has 
lapsed. During 1914-15 and 1915-16 some 400,000. 
more may be required, mainly for the following objects 
—the continuance of the schemes of research, technical 
advice, and instruction in agriculture already set on 
foot throughout the United Kingdom; buildings and 
farms for agricultural colleges; further provision for 
research in veterinary science; the continuance of the 
existing schemes for the improvement of cattle, light 
horse and other live stock breeding, and the promotion 
of co-operation. It would certainly not be safe to 
place the total demands for these purposes at less 
than 1,100,000l. 
(2) Forestry and Afforestation—The total amount 
recommended hitherto for this purpose is 142,749]., of 
which rather more than 8o0,o00l. has been advanced 
by way of loan. But large demands must be antici- 
pated during the next two years, as several schemes 
which have taken some time to mature are now, it is 
hoped, approaching completion. These include a 
Scotch demonstration area, the acquisition of one or 
more experimental areas in England and Wales, 
afforestation schemes for land already purchased in 
Ireland, and loans to local authorities for the afforesta- 
tion of water catchment areas. ‘The Commissioners 
reserve, conjecturally, another 200,000l. for these pur- 
peses up to 1916—making the total expenditure 
350,000l. 
(3) Fisheries.—65,5571. has been advanced for this 
purpose; but a large scheme of research is now being 
considered. 150,000!. is provisionally taken as the 
total expenditure, but this estimate is even more con- 
jectural than the others given. 
The total sums for all purposes is 2,250,000l. 
The net result is that the Commissioners estimate 
that on March 31, 1916, the amount actually spent 
from the Development Fund will not be less than 
2,000,0001.; it may be 200,000l. or 300,0001. more. 
After that date an annual sum of approximately 
275,000l. will be required to keep in operation schemes 
already sanctioned for such purposes as agricultural 
research, forestry, and fisheries research, and agricul- 
tural education, which ought to be continued perman- 
ently or at least for some years. 
Grants FOR University Epucarion. 
The universities and university colleges in Great 
Britain which are in receipt of grants from the Board 
of Education are as follows:—The Universities of 
Birmingham, Bristol, Durham (Armstrong College), 
Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, London (in- 
cluding University College, King’s College, Bedford 
College, School of Economics, and East London Col- 
lege), the University Colleges of Nottingham, Reading, 
and Southampton; the University of Wales (University 
Colleges of Aberystwyth, Bangor, and Cardiff). 
NO. 2390, VOL. 95] 

The subjoined table shows the sources of income of 
these institutions :— 
Incomes of Universities and University Colleges. 
(1) ENGLAND. (2) WaLEs. 


Amount. Percent. Amount. Per cent. 
of total & of total 
Hessian. : . 183,880 27°8 ... 17,456 27°7 
Endowments ve 95,045 144... 4,448 7°! 
Donations and subscriptions 22,381  3°4.... 2,330 3°7 
Annual grants from local 
authorities “3 = LOZ5050) 5070 <-+) | (354420 9) 585 
Parliamentary grants (see 
below) a0 +++ 233,000 35°2 ... 34,220 54°3 
Contributions from hospitals, 
etc., for services rendered 2,338 o4 
Other income 20}480) 2 3°iien. SZ eles, 
660, 780 63,027 
Grand Total, £723,807. 
The income from endowments of universities and 
university colleges in England and Wales in receipt 
of State grants is about 100,000l., which is also the 
amount of the annual income of the Carnegie Trust 
for the universities of Scotland. About half this 
amount is devoted annually to the payment of 
students’ fees, and the other moiety is voted as grants 
for (1) the better equipment of the Scottish universities 
and colleges by the foundation of additional chairs and 
lectureships and by the provision of new laboratories 
and permanent equipment, and (2) the encouragement 
of research. A writer in Nature of May 14, 1914, in 
an article upon the twelfth annual report of the trust, 
says :—‘The impetus to research which has been 
produced by the work of the trust can be gauged from 
an example chosen from one science, chemistry. In 
the eight years 1903-11, the trust appointed in this 
department forty-five scholars, twenty-five fellows, and 
thirty-one grantees. The work of these has resulted 
in the publication of more than 130 original communi- 
cations to scientific journals. Now, in 1912, the con- 
tributions of the whole British chemical world to the 
Transactions of the Chemical Society amounted to 
only double this number, 266, so that it is evident 
that the Carnegie Trust, by its. encouragement of 
research, has indirectly in the course of eight years 
produced a series of results equal to half the annual 
output of the whole Empire at the present time. This, 
it must be remembered, represents only a single depart- 
ment of the trust’s activities; for, in addition to 
chemistry, work is being carried out in physics, 
biology, medicine, economics, history, and languages.” 
The Parliamentary grants to universities and uni- 
versity colleges (1912-13) included in the foregoing 
table are made up of contributions under various heads 
as shown below :— 

ENGLAND WALES 
Exchequer... be ... 170,000 25,500 
Board of Education: Tech- 
nological and other Pro- 
fessional Work ... ob 22,600 430 
Board of Education: Train- 
ing of Teachers -+» 22,400 4,990 
Board of Education: Other 
Grants cD aute 8,500 230 
Other Government Depart- 
ments als : 9,500 3,070 
Total .-. £233,000 34,220 
The grants for technological and other professional 
work, amounting to about 23,o0ol., are part of a total 
sum of nearly 45,0001. allocated under this head in 
1913-14. Twenty-four institutions in all receive State 
aid in this way, ten of them being also in receipt of 
the Exchequer grants to universities and colleges. 
In Germany, State subsidies provide the main part 
of the incomes of the universities. The annual ex- 
