494 



NATURE 



[July 



io, 1913 



larger cubes; on replacing the little cubes by spheres 

 in contact the model represented in the second 

 picture (Fig. 5) is produced. 



Now this crystalline mineral, zinc blende, has been 

 chosen advisedly as an example of crystal structure. 

 For a remarkable series of experiments have recently 

 been carried out by Laue, Friedrich, and Knipping at 

 Munich, where the lecturer had the advantage of see- 

 ing some of the first photographic results last summer. 

 In these experiments X-rays were passed through 

 crystals of various substances, notably zinc blende, 

 and, in more recent experiments by Laue at Zurich, 



Fig. 6.— Scheme of tetrahedral arrangement of zinc (B) and 

 sulphur (R) atoms in zinc blende. Unshaded cubes 

 unoccupied. 



quartz. The issuing rays were received on a photo- 

 graphic plate, on which they recorded a pattern of 

 spots having the symmetry (full holohedral) of the 

 space-lattice present as the foundation of the crystal 

 structure. These interesting photographs thus afford 

 the first experimental and visible proof of the truth 

 of the structure assigned to crystals by geometricians 

 and crystallographers. 



(To be continued.) 



UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 

 INTELLIGENCE. 



Birmingham. — At the annual Degree Congregation 

 the degree of Doctor of Science was conferred on the 

 following : — E. E. Fournier d'Albe, Hamilton McCom- 

 bie, George William Todd, and Donald Lew. The 

 occasion was also marked by the unveiling of a fine 

 portrait of the Chancellor (the Right Hon. Joseph 

 Chamberlain), the generous gift of Mrs. Chamberlain, 

 " as a token of my own interest in all that concerns 

 the University, and my earnest hope that future 

 generations will see it develop into all that its 

 founders dreamed of when it was established." 



Edinburgh. — The honorary degree of LL.D. was 

 conferred on July 4 by the University on Mr. H. A. L. 

 Fisher, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield ; 

 Emeritus Professor Greenfield; Sir James Guthrie; 

 Lord Justice Hamilton ; Mr. John Stewart, Nova 

 Scotia ; Prof. F. Strassmann, Berlin ; Prof. J. Arthur 

 Thomson; the Hon. James Wilson, Washington, 

 U.S.A. ; and (in absentia) Prof. Thomas Gilrav, Uni- 

 versity of Otago, N.Z. 



Prof. C. G. Barkla, F.R.S., professor of physics 

 in the University of London (King's College), has 

 been appointed to the vacant chair of Natural Philo- 

 sophy, in succession to the late Prof. J. G. MacGregor. 



NO. 2 2 8o, VO T .-. 91] 



Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S., has been ap- 

 pointed emeritus professor of geology in the Imperial 

 College of Science and Technology by the council of 

 the college. 



Mr. Andrew Carnegie has intimated to M. Liard, 

 Vice-Rector of the University of Paris, that he will 

 give 4000Z. towards the construction of the new 

 chemical institute which is being erected in the Rue 

 Pierre-Curie, Paris. 



Dr. L. H. Bailey, widely known as the chairman 

 of President Roosevelt's commission on country life, 

 has resigned the post of head of the New York State 

 College of Agriculture, Cornell University, after a 

 tenure of ten years. He has held the professorship of 

 agriculture at Cornell since 1883. Dr. Bailey is re- 

 signing in order to secure more time for research. 



Among recent Irish appointments we notice that 

 Prof. Gregg Wilson, professor of zoology in Queen's 

 University, Belfast, has been appointed a member of 

 the first Senate of the University in succession to the 

 late Prof. John Park. Mr. Edgar H. Harper has 

 been appointed professor of mathematical physics in 

 University College, Cork, and Mr. E. W. Hoare 

 lecturer in veterinary hygiene in the same college. 



Recent changes at Johns Hopkins University in- 

 clude the promotion of Dr. J. E. Gilpin, now associate 

 professor of chemistry, to be collegiate professor, and 

 of Mr. E. W. Berry, now associate in palaeobotany, 

 to be associate professor of palaeontology. Prof. D. S. 

 Johnson is appointed to the directorship of the botan- 

 ical laboratory and the botanical garden, and Prof. 

 Burton E. Livingston to the directorship of the labora- 

 tory of plant physiology. 



Columbia University and Rutgers College receive 

 bequests which may amount to 200,000/. each as prin- 

 cipal beneficiaries under the will of Mrs. Mary B. 

 Pell, the widow of John H. Pel!. Science states that 

 each beneficiary received a direct bequest of 40,000/. 

 and an interest in large trust funds amounting to 

 more than 400,000/. The fund for Columbia is to 

 erect Pell Hall, in memory of the late Mr. Pell, who 

 was a student of Columbia. From the same source 

 we learn that Princeton University has received 20,000/. 

 from Mrs. Russell Sage toward the construction of a 

 dining-hall ; and that the College of Agriculture of 

 Cornell University has received a State grant of 

 90,000/., and a grant of 14,000/. for the veterinary 

 college. A part of the additional grant this year is 

 to be used for increasing salaries. 



Recent correspondence between the Maharaja of 

 Darbhanga, who is at the head of the movement to 

 create a Hindu University in India, and Sir Harcourt 

 Butler, the education member of the Governor- 

 General's Council, has, we learn from The Times, 

 been published. The Maharaja points out that the 

 subscriptions promised amount to more than 533,333/., 

 of which about 140,000/. has been received. Taking 

 into account the capital value of certain grants of 

 property and annual payments in perpetuity granted 

 by three ruling- chiefs, he estimates the amount in 

 hand, or which may be safely taken as already in 

 hand, to be not far short of "400,000/., exclusive of 

 the value of the Central Hindu College at Benares. 

 He claims that a good case had been made out finan- 

 cially for the Government to take into consideration 

 the legislation necessarv for bringing the Universitv 

 into being. Sir Harcourt Butler has replied that the 

 matter is still under consideration ; but he thinks it 

 will be of assistance to the promoters to know the 

 conditions which the Government of India regards as 

 precedent to the introduction of anv scheme. These 

 are the provision of a suitable site"; the transfer of 

 the Centra] Hindu College to the LTniversitv ; and the 



