DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE WALRUS. 419 
above and overlapping the patent meatus anditorius externus. When examined by the 
hand a cartilage is felt inwards, but no pinna can be pressed outwards. ‘The ear-hole 
is distant 2} inches from the posterior canthus. 
There is great mobility of the muzzle; and as to the stiff moustache-bristles, these curve 
in different directions according to the tonicity of the parts and their state of muscular 
contraction. When the nostrils are relaxed they drop forwards and the bristles curve 
inwards. At such times the nares are apart fully 1} inch; but when they are contracted 
a septum 0°6 of an inch wide only divides them. Occasionally, when alive, I observed 
the animal retract its upper lip, as a dog would in snarling; and this caused a deep 
furrow in the facial region, This change in the features gives quite a different expression 
to the physiognomy. 
The mystacal bristles, which are neither more nor less than a further developed 
stage of the long tactile hairs on the upper lip of Carnivora, the common Cat for 
example, more bristly in their nature in the Seals, reach the maximum of abundance 
and magnitude in the Walrus. Lamont’s vivid remark is so trite that I cannot forbear 
quoting it; he says (p. 145), “The upper lip of the Walrus is thickly set with strong, 
transparent, bristly hairs, about six inches long, and as thick as a crowquill; and this 
terrific moustache, together with his long white tusks, and fierce-looking, blood-shot 
eyes, gives Rosmarus trichecus altogether a most unearthly and demoniacal appearance 
as he rears his head aboye the waves.” ‘The intimate structure of these bristles has 
been described by other authors; my figures (Pls. LI., LI., & LV.) sufficiently convey 
a notion of their appearance in the young animal, so that further verbal allusion is 
unnecessary. 
When seen in front and from above, the face has a most curious expression, recalling 
to mind that of the cranium of an Elephant rather than the Walrus’s ally Otaria. 
The auricular regions then acquire a prominent aspect, as do the orbits. The great 
breadth of the muzzle also comes out better. The face is entirely hairy to the roots of 
the bristles. In our specimen there was a round scar, the size of a halfpenny, in the 
midglle line between the nostrils and the eyes. 
On the lower surface of the muzzle and chin (fig. 3, Pl. LII.), the upper lip passes 
one inch beyond the lower lip, and the snout, with its adpressed bristles, one to two 
inches beyond that. A portion of the upper rosy lip, in this view, is seen thrust upwards 
or puckered outside the canines, These upper canine teeth, which grow to massive 
tusks in the adult and aged Walruses, in ours had little more than protruded beyond 
the mandibular lips. The chin and anterior portion of the throat are very hairy; this 
diminishes backwards; and on the throat the almost hairless skin is thrown into longi- 
tudinal and parallel narrowish flat-topped ruge. 
VOL. VII.—PART VI. June, 1871. aN 
