DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 541 
at the shoulder from the spine transversely and outwards towards and partly over the 
scapula (P.c’), there overlying the trapezius and first portion of the deltoid. The fibres 
of this part of the panniculus blend strong fascia and fat into the delto-trapezoid layer 
beneath. 
A similar layer of cross cutaneous fibres (P.c') runs forward on the back of the neck 
as far as the occiput, and even very faintly over the epicranial region, where they are 
lost in the rudimentary occipito-frontalis. These are of considerable thickness in the 
neck, and there form a strong arched enyelope. 
At the posterior end and side of the neck there is a short, broad layer of cutaneous 
muscular fibres (P.c*) ; these proceed from the front of the shoulder-joint, and terminate 
in fascia about the middle of the neck. 
Partly continuous with these, being chiefly connected by fascia, is another series 
of muscular fibres (P.c’) rather more transverse in direction than the last. These 
cover the lower surface of the neck from below its middle to near the angle of 
the mandible. 
On the side of the neck, above the last group of fibres, but joined to them by fascia, 
is still another set of fibres, which commence almost as far back as the previous ones, 
but are distinguished from them by running in a different plane, namely from above 
downwards and forwards (P.c’). These, slightly altering their direction upwards, sweep 
anteriorly on to the cheek and face, round beneath the eye, becoming faint and inde- 
finite in the nasal region. 
Use. In the movements of walking and in climbing (for the Sea-lion, however 
awkward and unwieldy-looking as respects progression on land, is notwithstanding 
fully capable of the latter act) the whole posterior lateral mass of the panniculus as it 
contracts knits the skin together and drags the hind quarters forwards towards the 
chest or fixed point in the axillary region. An additional fulcrum is obtained in the 
partial adhesion to the knee and the femoral region above. The above motions 
markedly bring into play the hinder extremities, curving the caudo-lumbar regions 
and shortening the abdomen, thus causing a kind of crouching attitude behind. It may 
with propriety be compared to the rolling-up of the hinder segment in the genera 
Erinaceus and Tolypeutes; only, in Otaria, the large pectoral limbs and head are not 
tucked in abdominally. In swimming, the same expanse of the fleshy panniculus acts 
contrariwise. The pelvic limbs are stretched backwards, and, forming in part the point 
dapput, make tense the lateral and abdominal fibres, which, in unison with those of 
the enormous latissimus dorsi and great pectoralis, act on the humerus. Their com- 
bined force plays a most important part in the great oar-like sweeps which drive the 
body through the water at an almost incredible velocity. The panniculus of the Sea- 
lion during rotation acts like that of burrowing animals, and hence in its conformation 
resembles in some respects its homologue in the Mole and Wombat. 
The nuchal portion of the panniculus may xender the skin of the back of the neck 
